The Research Library

Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance Act, P.L. 100-77

Congress.gov page for H.R.558, the Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance Act, P.L. 100-77 (1987), the first major federal law establishing programs and funding to address homelessness.

One Big Beautiful Bill Act / reconciliation law P.L. 119-21

Congress.gov page for H.R.1, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act / reconciliation law P.L. 119-21 (2025), whose SNAP provisions (CBO: about $186.7B less federal nutrition spending over FY2025-FY2034) include a state benefit cost-share, expanded work requirements, and limits on Thrifty Food Plan growth.

Continuum of Care (CoC) Grantee Areas (GIS dataset)

Authoritative geographic boundaries for every HUD Continuum of Care, carrying Preliminary Pro Rata Need, Housing Inventory Count and Point-in-Time attributes; the geography that ties PIT/HIC counts to specific places like Asheville/Buncombe (NC-501) and the NC Balance of State (NC-503).

HUD Open Data Site (HUD-eGIS Storefront)

HUD's geospatial data portal offering downloadable shapefiles, web maps, and ArcGIS APIs for CoC boundaries, PIT data joined to geography, CHAS-by-tract, and other housing/homelessness layers.

CoC Program Reports, Program Data, and Program Rents

Index of data, reports and reporting guidance for HUD's competitive Continuum of Care grant program, including CoC awards and funding allocations, award summary reports, CoC dashboards, PIT and HIC reports, and a link to HUD Fair Market Rents.

CoC System Performance Measures

HUD's required system-level performance metrics for every Continuum of Care, covering how well a community's whole homeless-response system performs rather than individual projects. Includes downloadable national and CoC-level data since FY2015/2019.

Longitudinal Systems Analysis (LSA)

HUD guide explaining the Longitudinal Systems Analysis (LSA) and how communities submit LSA data that feeds the Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress, the source of national homelessness statistics.

HUD Point-in-Time (PIT) Count and Housing Inventory Count (HIC)

HUD's reference hub explaining the annual PIT count and HIC, the methodology each CoC must follow, the data-collection notices, and how communities submit counts through the Homelessness Data Exchange.

HUD User PD&R Datasets

Central catalog of HUD PD&R datasets including Fair Market Rents, Income Limits, LIHTC database, American Housing Survey, Picture of Subsidized Households, and assisted-housing data used for affordability analysis.

HUD Income Limits

The authoritative annual dataset of income limits used to determine eligibility for HUD-assisted housing programs, defining Area Median Income (AMI) thresholds for every metropolitan area and county in the United States. It is the canonical source for the 30%/50%/80% AMI bands cited across affordable-housing analysis.

HUD Small Area Fair Market Rents (SAFMRs)

ZIP-code-level Fair Market Rents used to set Housing Choice Voucher payment standards, mandatory in 65 designated metro areas. Provides granular rent estimates plus 90% and 110% payment-standard limits by bedroom count.

FY2026 Fair Market Rents Documentation System (summary)

HUD's FY2026 Fair Market Rent documentation/lookup system providing area-level FMRs and the underlying ACS-based calculations used for voucher payment standards.

SAMHSA Grants Dashboard - FY2027 NOFO Forecasts

SAMHSA grants forecast dashboard listing forecasted FY2027 NOFOs (preliminary and subject to change), such as Assisted Outpatient Treatment (SM-27-002), the Children's Mental Health Initiative (SM-27-003) and Building Communities of Recovery (TI-27-004). Authoritative source for behavioral-health grant opportunities.

American Housing Survey (AHS)

The most comprehensive longitudinal survey of the U.S. housing stock, sponsored by HUD and fielded by Census. Covers housing characteristics, costs, and rotating topical modules including Food Security and Housing Counseling for the nation and selected metropolitan areas.

HUD Location Affordability Index (LAI)

HUD dataset and tool estimating combined housing and transportation costs as a share of income for typical household profiles at the census-tract level, to measure true location affordability.

AHAR Reports (HUD Exchange)

HUD Exchange's landing page for the Annual Homeless Assessment Report, and the entry point to the per-CoC community-level files: the Homeless Populations and Subpopulations (PopSub) PDFs, the Housing Inventory Count PDFs, and the System Performance data files. It explicitly redirects users to the AHAR page on HUDUser.gov for the PIT and HIC data files by year, which is where the by-CoC workbooks live.

CoC Housing Inventory Count (HIC) Reports

Annual snapshot of each Continuum of Care's inventory of beds and units dedicated to people experiencing homelessness, conducted in the last ten days of January, available at national, state, and CoC levels.

CoC System Performance Measures - National Summary Since 2019

HUD's national and Continuum of Care (CoC) level summary of homeless system performance measures since FY 2019, available as a PDF national summary and public Tableau visualizations, used to assess how well local homelessness response systems perform.

HDX Reporting (Homelessness Data Exchange)

HUD's platform where Continuums of Care submit and access homelessness data: Point-in-Time (PIT) counts, Housing Inventory Counts (HIC), System Performance Measures (SPM), and the Longitudinal Systems Analysis (LSA).

HUD LIHTC Database (Low-Income Housing Tax Credit)

HUD's national database of Low-Income Housing Tax Credit properties, with a query tool and downloadable files covering projects placed in service through 2024.

LIHTC Database: Property-Level Data

Property-level database of Low-Income Housing Tax Credit projects placed in service from 1987 through 2024 (55,345 projects), the program HUD calls the most important resource for creating affordable housing. Searchable via an interactive query system and downloadable.

Comprehensive Housing Affordability Strategy (CHAS) data

CHAS data, derived from special tabulations of the Census Bureau's American Community Survey, quantify housing problems and needs of low-income households by geography. The authoritative source for cost-burden statistics down to the local and census-tract level used in HUD grant planning.

HUD Fair Market Rents (40th Percentile Rents)

HUD's annually published Fair Market Rents dataset, estimating gross rents (set at the 40th percentile of recent-mover rents) for OMB-defined metropolitan areas, HUD subdivisions, and every nonmetropolitan county; downloadable by fiscal year with full methodology.

HUD PD&R Datasets (Policy Development & Research portal)

HUD's central catalog of policy-research datasets on housing markets, assisted housing, affordability, and homelessness. The gateway to individually enumerated datasets such as AHS, Fair Market Rents, Income Limits, CHAS, Picture of Subsidized Households, and AHAR.

HUD Exchange — Homelessness Data & Resources

HUD's official portal of homelessness program data, reports, and reporting tools, including Point-in-Time counts, Housing Inventory Counts, AHAR, CoC dashboards, and the HDX data exchange.

Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) Properties

Geospatial HUD dataset of properties placed in service under the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit program, HUD's only complete national source on the size, unit mix and location of LIHTC projects. Distributed as geodatabase, shapefile, and ArcGIS Hub layers.

Fair Market Rent History 1983 – Present

Downloadable archive of HUD's annually published Fair Market Rents from fiscal year 1983 to the present, by metropolitan area and nonmetropolitan county. Key longitudinal series for tracking rental-cost benchmarks used in housing-assistance programs.

FY2026 State Income Limits Report (30%, 50%, 80% of Median Family Income)

HUD's FY2026 report of state-level income limits at 30% of median, very low income and low income, for households of 1 to 8 persons, each shown with that state's FY 2026 median family income, plus U.S. and U.S. non-metro rows.

HUD Housing Counseling Agency Locator API

Public API for locating HUD-approved Housing Counseling Agencies by agency name/city/state or by geographic radius. Connects households facing housing instability or foreclosure to certified, free or low-cost housing counseling services.

2007-2024 Housing Inventory Count (HIC) Counts by State

An Excel time-series dataset of the Housing Inventory Count (HIC) by state from 2007 through 2024, recording the inventory of beds and units dedicated to people experiencing homelessness by program type. Supports state-level trend analysis of shelter and housing capacity.

HUD Housing Inventory Count by CoC, 2007-2025

HUD's full national Housing Inventory Count series by Continuum of Care from 2007 through 2025, giving bed and unit inventory by project type and by household type, including the dedicated youth beds and the beds for households with only children. It is the supply-side companion to the Point-in-Time counts.

FY 2026 Community Planning and Development Formula Program Allocations (all grantees)

HUD's grantee-level workbook of fiscal 2026 formula allocations across CDBG, the Recovery Housing Program, HOME, Emergency Solutions Grants, HOPWA and the Housing Trust Fund. The authoritative answer to what any given city, county or state actually receives, and to the prior question of whether a jurisdiction is an entitlement grantee at all, which decides whether several federal housing provisions reach it.

Housing & Health Data Dashboard (HHDR)

HUD USER's Housing and Health Data Dashboard, a directory of datasets that may be helpful for housing and health research. It is organized into five categories (HUD administrative and LIHTC data, housing survey data, data linkages with Census, data linkages with federal agencies, and PD&R evaluation study data), each with a data description, weblinks, select publications and contacts; some datasets are restricted-use.

Point-in-Time Estimates by CoC, 2007-2025 (workbook)

HUD's own workbook of every point-in-time count broken out by Continuum of Care for each year from 2007 to 2025, one sheet per year, the 2025 sheet roughly 1,019 columns wide (early years far narrower). It is the authoritative source for any per-CoC homelessness comparison or ranking, including the age splits: 'Overall Homeless - Under 18' appears in every year sheet from 2013 on, alongside sheltered/unsheltered breakdowns, household type, unaccompanied and parenting youth.

USAspending.gov — Federal Spending Transparency Platform

Official open-data source for federal spending, including grants, contracts, and program awards searchable by agency, recipient, program (CFDA/Assistance Listing), and geography. Used to track funding flows for housing, food, and anti-poverty programs (e.g., SNAP, ERA, HUD CoC grants) with a full public API.

data.gov: AHAR Part 1 PIT Estimates of Homelessness

Data.gov catalog entry for HUD's AHAR Part 1. The entry's text describes the 2014 report (national, state, and CoC-level PIT and Housing Inventory Count estimates, plus chronically homeless persons, veterans, and children and youth); its one downloadable file is a spreadsheet of HIC bed counts by state and program type, 2007-2024.

Tsemberis, Gulcur & Nakae (2004) — Housing First, Consumer Choice, and Harm Reduction (AJPH)

The foundational Housing First randomized controlled trial (AJPH 2004;94:651-656): 225 chronically homeless adults with serious mental illness in NYC randomly assigned to Housing First vs. treatment-first/linear care; Housing First obtained housing earlier and retained it without sobriety preconditions.

Permanent Supportive Housing with Housing First to Reduce Homelessness and Promote Health Among Homeless Populations with Disability: A Community Guide Systematic Review

CDC-archived Community Guide systematic review (Peng et al., 2020) comparing Housing First with Treatment First for people with disabilities experiencing homelessness, on housing stability, health outcomes and health-care use; across 26 U.S. and Canadian studies, Housing First decreased homelessness by 88% and improved housing stability by 41%. Directly relevant to homelessness policy and social determinants of health.

Medicaid Section 1115 Demonstrations - Health-Related Social Needs (HRSN)

CMS's Section 1115 page on health-related social needs. It holds one paragraph saying states can address HRSN through state plan authorities, section 1915 HCBS waivers and state plan programs, managed-care in-lieu-of services, section 1115 demonstrations and CHIP Health Service Initiatives, and links the May 10, 2024 bulletin on mental health and SUD services for enrollees experiencing homelessness.

The Eighth Amendment and Homelessness: Supreme Court Upholds Camping Ordinances in City of Grants Pass v. Johnson (CRS Legal Sidebar LSB11203)

Congressional Research Service legal sidebar (LSB11203) analyzing the Eighth Amendment limits on enforcing public-camping laws from Martin v. Boise through the Supreme Court's Grants Pass decision, explaining how the Ninth Circuit treated punishing unavoidable public sleeping as cruel and unusual.

The HUD Homeless Assistance Grants: Programs Authorized by the HEARTH Act (CRS RL33764)

CRS report describing HUD's Homeless Assistance Grants (originally authorized by the 1987 McKinney-Vento Act and restructured by the 2009 HEARTH Act), including the Continuum of Care, Emergency Solutions Grant, and program funding history.

CRS IN12626 — HUD's FY2025 CoC Program Competition

Congressional Research Service insight explaining the FY2025 HUD CoC competition: the withdrawn and replacement FY2025 NOFOs, which would have capped permanent housing renewals (PSH, rapid rehousing and joint TH-RR) at 30% of Annual Renewal Demand, the court stay that blocked them, and the noncompetitive renewals Congress ordered instead.

Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports

Official public repository of nonpartisan CRS reports for Congress, searchable by keyword and topic. Authoritative primary-source explainers on SNAP, school meals, housing assistance, homelessness (HEARTH/CoC), TANF, Medicaid, LIHEAP, the Farm Bill, and poverty measurement (host returns 403 to automated fetchers but is a live, working public site).

Executive Order 14379 — Great American Recovery Initiative (Federal Register)

Full text of EO 14379, 'Addressing Addiction Through the Great American Recovery Initiative' (signed Jan 29, 2026; published Feb 3, 2026, 91 FR 5081). Establishes a White House Great American Recovery Initiative; contains no appropriations, dollar amounts, deadlines, or explicit Housing First/harm-reduction conditions.

Executive Order 14321 — Ending Crime and Disorder on America's Streets

Full Federal Register text of EO 14321 (signed July 24, 2025; published July 29, 2025, 90 FR 35817), which redirects federal homelessness policy away from Housing First toward treatment-conditioned models, civil commitment, and camping-ban enforcement priorities. The authoritative primary source for the 2025-26 federal policy shift.

Executive Order 14379 — Addressing Addiction Through the Great American Recovery Initiative

Executive Order signed January 29, 2026 (91 FR 5081-5083) establishing the White House Great American Recovery Initiative co-chaired by the HHS Secretary; contains no appropriations, dollar amounts, deadlines, or explicit Housing First/homelessness-grant conditions in its text.

Termination of SNAP Emergency Allotments, Food Sufficiency, and Economic Hardships

Federal Reserve FEDS working paper 2023-046 (Dasgupta and Plum) finding that state-level terminations of SNAP emergency allotments from March 2021 through August 2022 were followed by reduced food sufficiency and greater difficulty paying household expenses.

CoC Homeless Populations and Subpopulations Reports

Year-by-year CoC-level reports breaking the PIT count into household types and subpopulations, downloadable for every Continuum of Care including NC's.

CoC Performance Profile Reports

Per-CoC snapshot profiles combining PIT, HIC, System Performance Measures, and CoC Program competition data into a single performance picture for each Continuum of Care.

2024 AHAR Part 1: PIT Estimates of Homelessness in the U.S.

The 2024 edition of HUD's Point-in-Time estimates of homelessness, based on counts conducted in January 2024. Reports the highest national homeless count since data collection began in 2007, with state- and CoC-level detail and downloadable PIT/HIC tables.

2025 AHAR Part 1: PIT Estimates of Homelessness in the U.S.

The 2025 edition of HUD's Point-in-Time estimates of homelessness, based on counts conducted in January 2025. Provides the most current national, state, and CoC-level snapshot of sheltered and unsheltered homelessness with downloadable PIT and Housing Inventory Count tables.

Worst Case Housing Needs (Report to Congress series)

HUD's biennial Worst Case Housing Needs reports to Congress, measuring very-low-income unassisted renters who pay more than half their income for rent and/or live in severely inadequate housing. Hub links every edition of this authoritative severe-rent-burden series.

CHAS: Data Documentation

Technical documentation for the CHAS dataset, defining the variables, HUD income-level thresholds, and housing-problem categories used in the custom ACS tabulations of housing affordability and need.

Addressing Homelessness through Housing First (Policy & Practice, Autumn 2024)

HUD PD&R Policy & Practice issue (Autumn 2024) laying out the evidence base for Housing First as an alternative to encampment bans, sweeps, and treatment-first mandates, with examples of local Housing First programs. A primary federal statement of the model's rationale and supporting data.

FY2026 Income Limits Methodology (PDF)

HUD's methodology document for FY2026 Income Limits, which define eligibility thresholds (extremely low, very low, and low income) for HUD housing assistance programs based on area median family income.

Statement on FY 2026 Median Family Income Estimates and Income Limits

HUD's one-page statement that the release of FY 2026 median family incomes and income limits would move one month, from April 1, 2026 to May 1, 2026, because the Census Bureau delayed its 2024 ACS 5-year data from December 11, 2025 to January 29, 2026.

Peng et al. 2020 — CDC Community Guide / CPSTF Housing First Systematic Review

Community Guide systematic review (26 studies in the U.S. and Canada), written with the Community Preventive Services Task Force, of Permanent Supportive Housing with Housing First. Reports large reductions in homelessness and gains in housing stability versus treatment-first.

Labor and Sex Trafficking Among Homeless Youth: A Ten-City Study (Full Report)

Laura T. Murphy's Loyola University Modern Slavery Research Project ten-city study of labor and sex trafficking among 641 homeless youth at Covenant House sites, interviewed February 2014 to June 2016, hosted by the California Attorney General. It documents that nearly one in five youth interviewed were trafficking victims, with high rates of survival sex and labor exploitation.

NASEM 2018, Permanent Supportive Housing, Appendix B: The History of Homelessness in the United States

Appendix B of the National Academies' 2018 consensus report on permanent supportive housing and chronic homelessness: a history of homelessness in the United States, including the structural genealogy of modern homelessness (state psychiatric hospital census 535,000 in 1960 to 137,000 in 1980; HUD budget ~$29B in 1976 to ~$17B in 1990) and the 2003 federal definition of chronic homelessness.

Permanent Supportive Housing: Evaluating the Evidence for Improving Health Outcomes Among People Experiencing Chronic Homelessness

PubMed record for the National Academies consensus study on permanent supportive housing, which found no substantial published evidence as yet that PSH improves health outcomes or reduces health care costs (except some evidence for people with HIV/AIDS), while noting PSH helps some people become and remain housed, and which addresses barriers to bringing PSH to scale.

National Academies (2018), Permanent Supportive Housing, Chapter 4: Cost-Effectiveness of Permanent Supportive Housing

National Academies chapter examining the cost-effectiveness of permanent supportive housing, reviewing studies with mixed net-cost results (the two randomized studies split between a $6,875 annual saving per person and a $3,093 net cost increase, in 2015 dollars) and listing a $17,277 annual per-person program cost in one study.

McKinney-Vento Determining Eligibility (NCHE)

Federal technical-assistance resource compiling tools and guidance for school districts to determine eligibility for McKinney-Vento homeless education services, including the federal definition of homeless and case-by-case assessment.

Restrooms and Sanitation Requirements (OSHA)

OSHA's restrooms and sanitation page summarizing toilet, handwashing, and access requirements under standards 1910.141, 1926.51, and 1928.110, including prompt restroom access and ratios scaled to workforce size.

Tsai, Mares & Rosenheck 2010 — Housing First vs Residential Treatment First

Tsai, Mares and Rosenheck (Psychological Services, 2010) observational comparison, across 11 sites of the national Collaborative Initiative to Help End Chronic Homelessness, of chronically homeless adults placed directly into independent housing (n=578) and those who first went through residential treatment or transitional housing (n=131). Over two years the direct-placement group had more days in their own place and fewer days incarcerated, with no clinical advantage for treatment-first, which incurred higher substance-abuse service costs. The authors say randomized trials are needed to establish causation.

Food insecurity and mental health: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Pourmotabbed et al., 2020)

Open-access full text (PMC) of a systematic review and meta-analysis of 19 studies (372,143 participants, 10 countries) finding food insecurity raises depression risk in adults (pooled OR 1.40), with the strongest effect for severe insecurity and older adults.

STREETS Program NOFO (SM-26-019)

Official Notice of Funding Opportunity for SAMHSA's STREETS program, funding street-based engagement and treatment for people experiencing homelessness who have serious mental illness or substance use disorders. The NOFO requires treatment-contingent housing and bars Housing First, with eligibility limited to political subdivisions, tribes, and tribal organizations.

SAMHSA — Permanent Supportive Housing Evidence-Based Practices KIT

SAMHSA's evidence-based practices toolkit for Permanent Supportive Housing, specifying the seven essential elements (housing choice; separation of housing and services; decent/safe/affordable housing; community integration; rights of tenancy; access without readiness requirements; flexible voluntary services).

White House — Ending Crime and Disorder on America's Streets (presidential action)

Presidential-action text of EO 14321 as published by the White House.

Security Guards (33-9032), Occupational Employment and Wages

BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics page for security guards (33-9032), providing national employment counts and mean and median wage data for the occupation.

Addressing Homelessness Among Older Adults (ASPE report)

2023 federal report on the rapid growth of homelessness among adults 50 and older, drawing on research by Dennis Culhane and colleagues.

HMIS Data Standards (HMIS Data Dictionary)

Technical documentation of all HMIS data elements for vendors and system administrators, specifying the function, format, and federal-partner use of each element collected on individuals and families at risk of or experiencing homelessness.

The 2024 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress, Part 1: Point-in-Time Estimates of Homelessness

HUD's official January 2024 point-in-time count report: national and subgroup homelessness counts, sheltered/unsheltered splits, and year-over-year and long-run trends since 2007. The count was the highest ever recorded.

HEARTH: Defining "Homeless" (Proposed Rule, April 2010)

HUD's April 2010 proposed rule on the regulatory definition of 'homeless' under the HEARTH Act, proposing the four categories used to determine eligibility for HUD homeless assistance programs (comments closed June 21, 2010).

HEARTH: Defining 'Chronically Homeless' (Final Rule)

HUD final rule establishing the federal definition of 'chronically homeless' under the HEARTH Act, used to prioritize permanent supportive housing and target resources to long-term homeless individuals and families with disabilities.

An Introductory Guide to Submitting LSA Data for the AHAR

HUD guide explaining how Continuums of Care submit Longitudinal Systems Analysis (LSA) data from their HMIS, which feeds the Annual Homeless Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress.

COVID-19 Homeless System Response: Case Management Ratios

HUD Exchange resource (August 2020) on COVID-19 homeless system response case-management caseload ratios, offering guidance such as intensive case management at 10 to 20 clients per case manager and community-based intensive/therapeutic intervention at 10 to 12 individuals.

HMIS Data Dictionary

Companion technical reference to the HMIS Data Standards Manual specifying field-level definitions, response categories, and data formats for every HMIS data element used by homeless-services vendors and CoCs.

HMIS Data Standards Manual (2024)

HUD's authoritative manual defining the data elements, collection standards, and program-specific requirements for Homeless Management Information Systems (HMIS) used by Continuums of Care nationwide to count and serve people experiencing homelessness.

Homeless Emergency Assistance and Rapid Transition to Housing (HEARTH) Act

HUD's authoritative overview of the 2009 HEARTH Act, which amended the McKinney-Vento Act, consolidated homeless-assistance grants into the Continuum of Care (CoC) Program, and redefined homelessness and chronic homelessness.

Introduction to HMIS Data Standards

Web-based overview of the HMIS Data Standards explaining terms, concepts, and the structure of homelessness data collection for Continuums of Care and HMIS end users.

Stella Performance Glossary

Definitions glossary for HUD's Stella Performance (Stella P) tool, which gives Continuums of Care a data-driven view of their homeless response system. Stella P reports three-year trends on Days Homeless, Exits, and Returns to homelessness.

Understanding CoC System Performance by Household Types Using Stella P

HUD's Stella Performance Module (Stella P) guidance and tooling for visualizing Continuum of Care homeless system performance by household type and population group, built on Longitudinal Systems Analysis (LSA) data.

Using ArcGIS to Reduce Homelessness

HUD guidance on applying ArcGIS mapping to Continuum of Care data to visualize and reduce homelessness, supporting the CoC GIS toolkits.

HMIS Data Standards: Project Descriptor Data Elements

Project Descriptor Data Elements (PDDEs) within the HMIS Data Standards that describe the homeless-assistance projects entering data, used to organize and interpret HMIS records across a Continuum of Care.

HMIS Data Standards: Universal Data Elements

The Universal Data Elements (UDEs) required to be collected by all projects participating in a Homeless Management Information System (HMIS), forming the basis for unduplicated counts and demographics of people experiencing homelessness nationally.

HUD Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress

Central HUD hub for the Annual Homeless Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress, the authoritative national source on homelessness. Links to every AHAR Part 1 (Point-in-Time estimates) and Part 2 (year-round estimates from HMIS) by year, plus underlying PIT and Housing Inventory Count (HIC) data tables.

2017 AHAR: Part 1 - PIT Estimates of Homelessness in the U.S.

HUD's annual Point-in-Time (PIT) and Housing Inventory Count (HIC) estimates of homelessness for January 2017, with national, state, and Continuum-of-Care-level figures and population breakdowns.

2025 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report

HUD's 2025 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR) Part 1, the national point-in-time count of people experiencing homelessness, reporting roughly 745,652 people counted in 2025. PDF; summary from publisher and title.

HUD Continuum of Care program (restructuring & funding notices)

HUD's page for the Continuum of Care (CoC) Program (24 CFR part 578), which funds nonprofit providers, states, Indian Tribes and local governments to quickly rehouse people experiencing homelessness. It carries the FY2026 CoC NOFO, the FY2025 renewal award announcements, and links to HMIS and planning-and-reporting resources.

HUD Continuum of Care Program Competition (FY2026 CoC NOFO)

HUD's competition page for the FY2026 Continuum of Care Notice of Funding Opportunity, the $4.04 billion national competition that restructures protected renewals and prioritizes transitional housing and treatment-conditioned models. The U.S. District Court for the District of Rhode Island vacated the notice; on September 16, 2026 the First Circuit granted HUD an emergency stay pending appeal, and on September 18 HUD reopened the competition with a new application deadline of September 30, 2026, 8:00 PM ET.

HUD Public Housing Occupancy Guidebook

Consolidated HUD guidance for public housing agencies, families, and stakeholders on administering the public housing program: eligibility, waiting lists, income determination, reexaminations, leases, and grievance procedures.

HUD 2024 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR) Part 1

HUD's authoritative annual point-in-time homelessness count: on a single night in January 2024, 771,480 people were homeless (highest ever recorded, +18% YoY), with chronic homelessness at an all-time high of 152,585 (65% unsheltered).

FY2026 Fair Market Rent Methodology (Calculation of HUD Fair Market Rents)

Technical methodology document (updated July 2025) detailing how HUD calculates Fiscal Year 2026 Fair Market Rents, including the base rent, recent-mover adjustment, rent inflation factors, and trend factor. Explains the data inputs and weighting behind the rent benchmarks that set housing-voucher payment standards.

Methodology for Determining FY2022 Section 8 Income Limits

Technical methodology explaining how HUD derives Section 8 income limits, including the four-person very-low-income limit at 50% of area median family income, ACS data inputs, and adjustment rules. Foundational reference for understanding income-eligibility thresholds used across housing-assistance and LIHTC programs.

The 2024 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress, Part 1: Point-In-Time Estimates of Homelessness

HUD's authoritative annual report on the national, state, and Continuum-of-Care (CoC) level Point-in-Time (PIT) count of people experiencing homelessness on a single night in January 2024, with companion Housing Inventory Count (HIC) data. The definitive federal source for U.S. homelessness counts and trends.

Worst Case Housing Needs: 2023 Report to Congress — Executive Summary

The executive summary of HUD's 2023 biennial Worst Case Housing Needs report to Congress (May 2023), based on the 2021 American Housing Survey, on very low-income unassisted renters with severe rent burden or severely inadequate housing. The 2021 count, 8.53 million, was the highest ever recorded.

Worst Case Housing Needs: 2025 Report to Congress

HUD's biennial report to Congress measuring 'worst case housing needs' — very low-income unassisted renters who pay more than half their income on rent or live in severely inadequate housing. The 2025 edition reports 2023 data showing needs near the all-time high despite record apartment construction.

HUD Public Housing Occupancy Guidebook - Eligibility Determination & Denial of Assistance

HUD guidebook chapter detailing how public housing agencies determine eligibility and may deny assistance, including screening for criminal history, income, citizenship/immigration status, and fair-treatment requirements.

HMIS Data Standards

HUD's baseline data-collection standards for Homeless Management Information Systems, jointly developed with HHS and VA, defining the data elements every Continuum of Care must collect on people experiencing homelessness. FY 2026 standards effective October 1, 2025.

HUD HMIS Data Standards & Data Dictionary

Federal data standards, manual, and data dictionary defining how Homeless Management Information Systems (HMIS) collect standardized data on people experiencing homelessness across all Continuums of Care, enabling unduplicated counts and federal reporting.

Capital Needs in the Public Housing Program

HUD-commissioned study by Abt Associates (2010) on capital needs in the public housing program, establishing a baseline backlog of roughly $26 billion and an ongoing accrual need of about $3.4 billion per year. PDF; summary from publisher and title.

HUD FY2026 Continuum of Care Program NOFO (CPD-2600-DC-0025)

Official grant opportunity for the FY2026 CoC Competition and Youth Homelessness Demonstration Program (HUD opportunity CPD-2600-DC-0025, Assistance Listing 14.267), ~$4.04 billion available, application deadline Sept 30, 2026 (NOFO reopened; originally Aug 26, 2026), performance period 2027, with full eligible-applicant and match-requirement rules.

Worst Case Housing Needs: 2023 Report to Congress (PDF)

HUD's 2023 Worst Case Housing Needs report to Congress, drawing on the 2021 American Housing Survey. Documents a record number of very-low-income unassisted renters paying more than half their income for rent or living in severely inadequate units.

Executive Order 14321, "Ending Crime and Disorder on America's Streets"

Federal Register publication of Executive Order 14321, "Ending Crime and Disorder on America's Streets," issued July 24, 2025 and published July 29, 2025 (doc. 2025-14391); directs agencies to promote civil commitment, to assess whether discretionary grants can favor jurisdictions that enforce camping, drug-use and squatting bans, and to end support for 'housing first' policies.

Statement of Joseph F. Delfico on the Homeless (GAO testimony, October 3, 1984)

GAO testimony to a House Government Operations subcommittee summarizing over 100 studies on the size of the homeless population and the causes of its growth in the early 1980s.

GAO-20-433 — Homelessness: Better HUD Oversight of Data Collection Could Improve Estimates of Homeless Population

GAO review of HUD's Point-in-Time homeless count methodology, finding the count likely understates homelessness and that rent increases correlate with rising homelessness. Includes recommendations to strengthen HUD oversight of CoC data collection.

GAO-24-106688: Homelessness - Supportive Services Provided by Federal Programs

GAO report comparing supportive services across HUD's Continuum of Care program and three HHS programs (CSBG, Health Center, PATH), documenting service types, staffing challenges, and funding stability provisions.

Executive Order 14321 - Ending Crime and Disorder on America's Streets (full text)

Full Federal Register text of Executive Order 14321 (July 24, 2025) directing federal agencies to end support for Housing First, condition assistance on treatment, assess giving grant priority to jurisdictions enforcing camping bans, and expand civil commitment.

Federal Strategic Plan Overview (USICH)

USICH's overview page on its responsibility for creating the national strategic plan to prevent and end homelessness, with links to the full text of each federal plan from 2010 onward, now listed as archived plans that the page says do not reflect the current administration's priorities.

All In FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions About the Federal Strategic Plan

FAQ explaining implementation of 'All In,' covering Housing First, equity (targeted universalism), collaboration, prevention for at-risk groups (foster youth, Veterans, DV survivors), and accountability/annual progress reporting toward the 25% reduction goal.

All In: Improve the Effectiveness of Homelessness Response Systems

Strategy section of the federal plan outlining six approaches to strengthen local homelessness response systems: ending unsheltered homelessness, reforming coordinated entry, expanding non-congregate shelter, cross-sector coordination, housing problem-solving, and removing eligibility/documentation barriers.

All In: The Federal Strategic Plan to Prevent and End Homelessness (All In 101 slide deck)

Slide-deck overview of 'All In,' the federal strategic plan to prevent and end homelessness, organized around six pillars (equity, evidence, collaboration; housing/supports, homelessness response, prevention). Lays out the federal goal of reducing homelessness 25% by 2025 and the strategies under each pillar.

All In: The Federal Strategic Plan to Prevent and End Homelessness (Framework & Implementation)

Federal interagency strategic plan setting a goal to reduce homelessness 25% from the 2022 Point-in-Time count by 2025, with measurable implementation work plans, outputs, and outcomes.

All INside Final Report

USICH's final report (January 2025) on ALL INside, a White House and USICH initiative that partnered with state and local governments in seven sites, from May 2023 through December 2024, to reduce unsheltered homelessness through federal-local partnerships.

Federal Funding & Programs (USICH)

USICH directory cataloging federal legislation, funding streams, and programs across 18 agencies that address homelessness, organized into targeted and non-targeted programs, anchoring the federal strategic plan to prevent and end homelessness.

Home, Together: Federal Strategic Plan to Prevent and End Homelessness (FY2018-2022)

The FY2018-2022 federal strategic plan to prevent and end homelessness (predecessor to All In), a reference for prior federal homelessness goals and frameworks.

Reducing Criminal Justice System Involvement Among People Experiencing Homelessness (USICH)

Federal guidance/fact sheet outlining strategies to reduce the intersection of the criminal justice system and homelessness, including decriminalization, reentry programs, and removing housing barriers for people with records.

USICH — Housing First Checklist

USICH checklist (updated September 2016) defining Housing First, stating that programs do everything possible not to reject people for behaviors read as a lack of 'housing readiness,' and laying out the core low-barrier principles.

Building Connections to Housing During Reentry (OJP/BJA)

March 2023 report (NCJ 306569) presenting survey findings from state Department of Corrections reentry coordinators on housing policies, homelessness-risk screening, interagency collaboration, and post-release housing gaps.

USICH Federal Strategic Plan: Use Data and Evidence to Make Decisions

The data-and-evidence pillar of the federal plan, laying out how the federal government intends to strengthen its use of data, expand HMIS coverage of unsheltered homelessness and street outreach, link HMIS with VA and state administrative data, and build a research agenda on what works.

HUD - FY2026 CoC and YHDP NOFO (CPD-2600-DC-0025), reopened version (posted Sept 18, 2026)

The 141-page FY2026 Continuum of Care and Youth Homelessness Demonstration Program NOFO as HUD posted it to the Grants.gov opportunity on September 18, 2026 under the file name 'CoC_NOFO_Reopened', with applications due September 30, 2026. It replaced the original full-text attachment on the opportunity; the original is held separately in this library at its Wayback capture.

HUD — FY2024/FY2025 CoC and YHDP NOFO (FR-6800-N-25)

The combined two-year FY2024/FY2025 Continuum of Care and YHDP renewal-or-replacement NOFO (FR-6800-N-25), making about $3.524 billion available, with Tier 1 set at 90 percent of each CoC's Annual Renewal Demand and application deadlines of October 30, 2024 (FY2024 funds) and August 29, 2025 (FY2025 funds).

HUD — FY2026 CoC and YHDP NOFO (CPD-2600-DC-0025) full text

The primary FY2026 CoC and YHDP Grants NOFO document with eligible-applicant types, match requirements, FMR and grant-term rules, and merit-review scoring.

Executive Order 14321 — govinfo (DCPD-202500793)

GovInfo record for EO 14321 in the Compilation of Presidential Documents (DCPD-202500793, dated July 24, 2025), noting that the order was published in the Federal Register on July 29.

VA Research - Homelessness Topic Page

VA Office of Research & Development overview of veteran-homelessness research, summarizing prevalence, risk factors, and intervention outcomes including Housing First retention and the effects of dental care, legal services, and military sexual trauma.

All That CHAS: Use Cases for the Comprehensive Housing Affordability Strategy Dataset

A January 2025 PD&R Edge spotlight explaining how to use HUD's CHAS dataset, the special tabulation that is the standard source for housing cost burden broken out by income band. It walks the HAMFI income categories, from 30 percent of area median income and below up through above 100 percent, points to the detailed data downloads and data dictionaries, and warns about comparing cost-burden variables across different CHAS tables. Worth reading before quoting a cost-burden figure for a county. Cited at archives.huduser.gov; the same article is served under www.huduser.gov/archives/. huduser.gov returns an empty body to automated fetchers, so the URL, exact title and content details were confirmed by WebSearch.

Accessing and Using Census Data for Housing Research (PD&R Edge)

PD&R Edge featured article (Feb 19, 2026) explaining how housing researchers can access and use Census Bureau data sources for housing analysis, surveying the key surveys and tools relevant to housing affordability and need.

HHS Press Release - Secretary Kennedy Announces Over $700M New Funding to Address Mental Illness, Addiction, Homelessness

June 2026 HHS announcement of over $700 million in behavioral-health funding including the STREETS program, CCBHC expansion, 988 Lifeline, and substance-use and mental-health supports, tied to the federal shift toward treatment-first homelessness policy.

HUD News Release HUD NO. 25-132 (CoC reforms)

HUD news release announcing Continuum of Care reforms that redirect funding emphasis from Housing First / permanent supportive housing toward transitional housing and supportive services, redefining success by self-sufficiency and recovery.

A Snapshot of HUD-Assisted Households (PD&R Edge featured article)

HUD PD&R Edge feature (June 11, 2018) summarizing the characteristics of households served by HUD rental-assistance programs, drawn from the Picture of Subsidized Households data. Profiles who lives in subsidized housing and the role of landlords and public housing agencies.

Food Insecurity Screenings Connect Veterans to Resources

VA News article describing the VA's food-insecurity screening (added to the homelessness screener in 2017) and reporting USDA-derived prevalence of food insecurity among working-age veterans.

Veteran Homelessness Continues Downward Trend (2025 PIT Count)

VA News article reporting that veteran homelessness has fallen 56% since 2010, based on the 2025 Point-in-Time (PIT) Count released by HUD in May 2026.

CoC GIS Tools

Annual GIS toolkits HUD posts for each CoC, bundling boundaries, HUD geocodes, Preliminary Pro Rata Need, HIC data, and Census demographics so communities can map and evaluate their homeless-response geography.

Stella P (Stella Performance) and System Modeling

HUD's analysis tool that turns a CoC's LSA data into visual performance maps, letting communities see length of time homeless, exits to permanent destinations, and returns to homelessness, and model an optimized system.

Grants.gov - Federal Grant Search

Official federal portal to discover and apply for grant opportunities, including housing, homelessness, food security, and social-services funding from HUD, USDA, HHS, and other agencies, for eligible organizations.

BJA Corrections & Reentry Topic Hub

Topic hub aggregating BJA's corrections and reentry programs, including behavioral-health collaboration, substance-use treatment, and housing/reentry demonstrations relevant to the social determinants of justice-involved homelessness and instability.

BJA Smart Reentry: Housing Demonstration Program

Federal grant program addressing the housing needs of justice-involved individuals returning to the community, directly linking reentry, homelessness prevention, and housing stability.

CDC Stacks repository

CDC's free public archival repository of CDC-published scientific products, journal articles, guidelines, MMWR reports, and recommendations, searchable by topic including homelessness, food insecurity, and social determinants of health.

Agreement Between the City of San Diego and Jewish Family Service for Expanded Safe Parking Program Services

San Diego contract document for Jewish Family Services' Safe Parking program, a FY2023 agreement not to exceed $1,436,797 providing 206 overnight parking spaces for people living in their vehicles.

HUD's FY2026 Continuum of Care Program Competition (CRS Insight IN12709)

Congressional Research Service explainer on the FY2026 CoC competition: the program's statutory and regulatory framework, the appropriations directives Congress attached, the changes HUD made in the FY2026 NOFO, and the litigation over the FY2025 and FY2026 notices. The neutral reference document for how the FY2026 competition is supposed to work.

Emergency Food and Shelter Program

FEMA program page describing the Emergency Food and Shelter Program, which distributes federal funds through local boards to support food, shelter, and related services for people experiencing or at risk of homelessness.

Continuum of Care (CoC) Program Hub

HUD's central page for the Continuum of Care program, the governance and funding structure through which communities collect and report federal homelessness data (PIT and HIC counts, System Performance Measures, LSA, APRs and HMIS).

HMIS: Homeless Management Information System

HUD's hub for the local information systems CoCs use to collect client-level data on people experiencing homelessness; defines the data standards (Universal and Program-Specific Data Elements) that make national reporting comparable.

Homelessness Assistance Programs (HUD Exchange landing)

The umbrella entry point to HUD's homelessness assistance programs, reporting systems and data (it links PIT/HIC, HDX, HMIS, LSA, Stella and the Homelessness Data and Reports page), useful as a navigation hub for the federal homelessness data ecosystem.

The effectiveness of assertive community treatment for homeless populations with severe mental illness: a meta-analysis

Coldwell and Bender meta-analysis (indexed on NCBI Bookshelf) comparing assertive community treatment to standard case management for homeless people with severe mental illness, finding meaningful reductions in homelessness and symptom severity.

1910.141 - Sanitation (OSHA)

OSHA general-industry standard 1910.141 on sanitation for permanent workplaces, including a toilet-facilities table (1 water closet for 1-15 employees, scaling up) plus water, washing, and food-handling requirements.

1926.51 - Sanitation (OSHA)

OSHA construction standard 1926.51 on sanitation, setting minimum toilet, potable-water, and washing requirements at worksites, including one toilet for 20 or fewer workers and scaled ratios above that.

24 CFR 578.7 - Responsibilities of the Continuum of Care

The regulation setting out what a Continuum of Care must do, including the point-in-time count requirement itself. It is the controlling authority for what the January count is legally obliged to collect, and therefore for what it structurally cannot see.

24 CFR 578.89 - Limitation on use of grant funds to serve persons defined as homeless under other federal laws

The cap on serving families and unaccompanied youth who are homeless under another federal law's definition rather than HUD's literal-homelessness categories, which is the door through which doubled-up families with children could otherwise reach HUD assistance. It explains why that route stays small regardless of need.

Does housing chronically homeless adults lead to social integration?

Tsai, Mares, and Rosenheck (Psychiatric Services, 2012) studying the Collaborative Initiative to Help End Chronic Homelessness, finding housing gains but persistent social isolation, evidence on the limits of housing-alone interventions.

Frequently Asked Questions, Sacramento County Department of Homeless Services and Housing

Sacramento County Department of Homeless Services and Housing FAQ on county homelessness, its Encampment Services Teams and its Safe Stay communities (sanctioned encampments): referral-only access, 24/7 operation, meals, restrooms, case management, and housing support across three sites with over 300 beds.

SAMHSA Certified Community Behavioral Health Clinics (CCBHC) Page & Criteria

SAMHSA's CCBHC program hub describing the model, the nine core services, certification criteria, and expansion-grant pathways relevant to integrating behavioral health with homelessness services.

SAMHSA Grant Announcements (STREETS, CCBHC, AOT)

SAMHSA's grant-announcement hub for behavioral-health and homelessness-recovery funding, including the STREETS (SM-26-019), CCBHC Planning/Development/Implementation (SM-26-014), and Assisted Outpatient Treatment (SM-26-001) NOFOs.

Grants Pass v. Johnson (U.S. Supreme Court, 2024)

June 28, 2024 6-3 decision holding that enforcing public-camping bans does not violate the Eighth Amendment even where no shelter is available, reversing the practical effect of Martin v. Boise. Triggered a wave of camping-ban legislation.

Secretary Kennedy Announces $100 Million Investment in Great American Recovery (WTAS)

HHS 'What They Are Saying' release accompanying Secretary Kennedy's announcement of a $100 million investment under the Great American Recovery initiative, with the STREETS program funding outreach, psychiatric care, and medical stabilization to connect homeless Americans to treatment and housing.

HHS Family and Youth Services Bureau - Runaway and Homeless Youth Program

The federal program, run by HHS's Family and Youth Services Bureau, that funds street outreach, emergency shelters, and longer-term transitional living and maternity group home programs for youth who run away, are asked to leave home or become homeless. The page links the program's reports to Congress for fiscal years 2014 through 2019. It matters because youth homelessness runs on a separate federal funding track from HUD's Continuum of Care system, so HUD data alone will not describe it.

Contact FHEO (HUD Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity)

Contact page for HUD's Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity (FHEO): a link to report housing discrimination, disability-related assistance when contacting FHEO, and the ten regional FHEO offices with their states, addresses and phone numbers.

HUD Family Options Study (landing page + reports)

HUD's 2,282-family randomized trial comparing long-term subsidies, rapid rehousing, transitional housing and usual care for homeless families. Evidence supporting the view that homelessness for most families is an economic problem that long-term rent subsidies, without intensive services, resolve.

HUD FY2026 Continuum of Care NOFO fact sheet

HUD's own two-page case for the FY2026 CoC competition rewrite: competition share, the transitional-housing set-aside, and the framing numbers. Advocacy-toned but the primary statement of what the new notice does.

HUD FY2026 Continuum of Care Program Competition NOFO (full text)

The primary-source FY2026 CoC Program Competition notice of funding opportunity: the $4.04B competition whose 60% Tier 1, $1.3B transitional-housing/SSO set-aside, and treatment-participation scoring drive the current exposure for permanent-supportive-housing renewals. The document every secondary account of the FY2026 rules should be checked against.

HUD.gov (U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development home page)

Official hub of the federal housing agency, the authoritative source for U.S. housing policy, homelessness assistance programs, fair housing enforcement, and rental-assistance data. Routes to HUD's research portals (HUD User and the open-data platform) where the underlying datasets and reports live.

Notice of Research Justifying Additional Incentives for Certain Activities To Reduce Homelessness

HUD Federal Register notice (document 2026-18555, published September 11, 2026) seeking public comment on the activities it proposes to incent through the Continuum of Care program, HUD's after-the-fact response to the August 7, 2026 ruling that vacated the FY2026 CoC NOFO for lack of notice and comment on its transitional-housing and services-only set-aside. Comments close October 13, 2026, after the reopened competition's September 30 application deadline.

Notice of Regulatory Waiver Requests Granted for the Fourth Quarter of Calendar Year 2024

HUD's quarterly Federal Register notice (90 FR 38484, Aug 8, 2025) of regulatory waivers granted in Q4 CY2024, part of the disposition record relevant to post-Helene HUD waiver requests.

Notice of Regulatory Waiver Requests Granted for the Second Quarter of Calendar Year 2025

HUD's quarterly Federal Register notice (91 FR 3914, Jan 29, 2026) of regulatory waivers granted in Q2 CY2025; HACA (NC007) is absent from this disposition record.

Regulatory Waivers and Administrative Flexibilities During a Presidentially Declared Disaster, for Public Housing Agencies During CY 2024 and CY 2025 (FR-6438-N-01)

HUD Federal Register notice (89 FR 7612, Feb 5, 2024) setting an expedited process for public housing agencies in presidentially declared disaster areas to request waivers of HUD public housing and Section 8 requirements, effective January 1, 2024 through December 31, 2025.

HEARTH: Defining "Homeless" Final Rule

HUD's December 2011 final rule establishing the regulatory definition of "homeless" (the four categories) and recordkeeping requirements used across the CoC, ESG, and predecessor programs. The authoritative source for who legally counts as homeless under federal programs.

HUD Multifamily Housing Programs

HUD hub describing FHA multifamily mortgage insurance, special-needs housing (Section 202 elderly, Section 811 disability), and supportive-services programs that fund and preserve affordable multifamily rental housing.

HUD Office of Public and Indian Housing (PIH)

Landing hub for HUD's Public and Indian Housing programs (Housing Choice Vouchers, Public Housing and Native American programs, serving over 3.5 million households), with links to PIH Notices, funding opportunities, and the HCV and Public Housing data dashboards.

Fair Market Rents (PD&R Ongoing Research Page)

HUD PD&R project page (PD22, status complete) explaining what Fair Market Rents are used for and how they are defined: gross rents set at the 40th percentile of standard-quality rental units occupied by recent movers, excluding non-market units and units less than 2 years old.

HUD Public and Indian Housing - Tribal Housing Resources

HUD resource hub for tribal housing entities covering the major Native American housing programs (IHBG, Section 184/184A, ICDBG, Title VI), regulatory guidance, income limits, and a national tribal housing directory.

HUD User (PD&R Information Service)

HUD's primary clearinghouse for housing and community-development research, datasets, and tools. Hosts Fair Market Rents, Income Limits, CHAS data, the LIHTC database, Worst Case Housing Needs reports, and the PD&R Edge research magazine.

VA Homeless Help (Veterans Affairs)

Official VA resource hub for homeless or at-risk veterans, routing them to programs including HUD-VASH, SSVF, Grant & Per Diem, and Health Care for Homeless Veterans via a 24/7 call center (877-424-3838) and online chat.

VA Housing Assistance

VA central hub for veteran housing benefits, linking VA-backed home loans, housing-modification grants for service-connected disabilities, foreclosure-prevention help, and homeless-assistance resources.

VA National Center on Homelessness Among Veterans (NCHAV) - Research

Research center within the VA Homeless Programs Office producing briefs, publications, and reports on veteran homelessness across topics including housing interventions, health-care access, justice-involved veterans, unsheltered homelessness, and trauma-informed care.

Homelessness: Actions to Help Better Address Older Adults' Housing and Health Needs (GAO-24-106300)

September 2024 GAO report on the distinct housing and health needs of older adults experiencing homelessness, drawing on interviews with dozens of providers and stakeholders. Documents the accessibility and care gaps that standard shelter and housing responses miss for people 55 and older.

Homelessness: Agency Actions Could Improve Data on Shelter Program Use (GAO-26-107502)

December 2025 GAO audit of how HUD produces national homeless-shelter estimates and where the underlying data collection falls short. Reports to the House Financial Services Committee and Senate Special Committee on Aging with three recommendations to make HUD's data-usability decisions transparent, reevaluate its imputation methods, and explain those decisions to CoCs.

Veteran Homelessness Programs: Opportunities to Improve Data Collection and Establish an Evaluation Plan (GAO-26-107517)

March 2026 GAO audit of the federal veteran-homelessness programs run by HUD and VA, focused on HUD-VASH case-management capacity, rising rents paid through HUD-VASH vouchers, and HUD's lack of measurable objectives and an evaluation plan for the Tribal HUD-VASH pilot. Finds data gaps that limit VA's ability to gauge unmet need.

Restrictions on Assistance to Noncitizens (24 CFR Part 5, Subpart E, 5.500-5.528)

Federal regulation in Title 24 (Housing and Urban Development) governing prorated and restricted housing assistance for households with mixed citizenship/eligible-immigration status. Authoritative legal text for noncitizen eligibility rules in HUD housing programs.

eCFR Title 24 - Housing and Urban Development

Continuously updated electronic Code of Federal Regulations Title 24, the full body of HUD regulations governing public housing, Section 8 vouchers, fair housing, CoC homeless assistance, and related programs.

U.S. Interagency Council on Homelessness (USICH) data & reports

The independent federal agency that coordinates the national response to homelessness and publishes the Federal Strategic Plan; a key source for federal policy context, data-use guidance, and the metrics the federal government tracks.

Housing First for Youth Who Experience Homelessness: A Systematic Review

2025 systematic review synthesizing peer-reviewed evidence on Housing First for Youth (HF4Y) programs, covering housing stability, health, food security, and cost. It found only seven eligible studies (six US, one Canadian) and calls the HF4Y evidence base small and still in its infancy.

Ending homelessness among people with mental illness: the At Home/Chez Soi randomized trial of a Housing First intervention in Toronto

Toronto-site paper from At Home/Chez Soi, the largest randomized controlled trial of Housing First, describing participant recruitment, community engagement and the baseline characteristics of 575 homeless people with mental illness. It reports no housing outcomes.

Aubry, Nelson and Tsemberis 2015 — Housing First for People With Severe Mental Illness Who Are Homeless: A Review of the Research and Findings From the At Home–Chez soi Demonstration Project

Review synthesizing the Housing First evidence base alongside the At Home/Chez Soi demonstration, a convenient high-level citation summarizing housing-stability, community-functioning and quality-of-life outcomes and the role of program fidelity.

Fla. Stat. 125.0231, Public camping and public sleeping (2024 Florida Statutes)

Florida Statute 125.0231, enacted via HB 1365 and effective Oct. 1, 2024 (enforcement provision Jan. 1, 2025), barring counties and municipalities from allowing public camping or sleeping; permits limited designated sites only with state certification and authorizes residents and the AG to sue to enforce.

Florida HB 1365 — Unauthorized Public Camping and Public Sleeping (Fla. Stat. 125.0231)

Florida's statewide camping/sleeping law (CS/CS/HB 1365, Chapter 2024-11, effective Oct 1, 2024); bars counties and municipalities from authorizing public camping or sleeping on public property without DCF-certified designated sites, and lets residents, business owners and the Attorney General sue to enforce.

Georgia SB 62

As-introduced text of Georgia SB 62 (2023-2024 session), which would bar counties and cities from adopting or enforcing policies that prohibit or discourage enforcement of public-camping and sleeping bans, let the Attorney General sue to enforce that ban, order a state audit of homeless-program spending, and authorize state-funded sanctioned camping areas.

RSMo Section 67.2300 (added by H.B. 1606, 2022)

Missouri Revised Statutes Section 67.2300 (added by HB 1606, 2022), which barred unauthorized sleeping, camping, or long-term shelters on state-owned land as a Class C misdemeanor. The page notes the section was declared unconstitutional in Byrd v. State of Missouri (2023) for violating the single-subject rule.

Missouri SB 1336

Introduced text of Missouri SB 1336 (2024, Sen. Thompson Rehder), a bill that would repeal and reenact section 67.2300 (as enacted by HB 1606 in 2022) to ban unauthorized camping on state-owned land and redirect homelessness funding. The Senate Health and Welfare Committee voted a substitute do pass on March 27, 2024; no further action is recorded.

Missouri Senate bill-tracking record for SB 1336

Missouri Senate bill-tracking record for SB 1336 (2024), showing the sponsor, actions, and committee status for the camping-ban and funding-redirection measure.

Missouri Senate — SB1106

Introduced text of Missouri SB 1106 (2022, 101st General Assembly), an alternative Senate vehicle that would have added Section 67.2300 to direct state homelessness funds toward camping facilities and short-term shelters and restrict unauthorized camping on state land.

HB 811 full text

Full text of Tennessee House Bill 811 (Senate Bill 227), which amends Tennessee Code 29-34-213 so that a charitable organization that houses a person it knows is unlawfully present in the United States may be held liable for loss, damages, injury or death from a criminal offense that person commits while receiving its housing services, if the charity's conduct in providing housing is negligence, gross negligence, or willful and wanton misconduct (source legislative PDF).

Tennessee SB 1610 / HB 978 (Public Chapter 986, 2022)

Tennessee General Assembly bill record for SB 1610 (substituted by HB 978), enacted as Public Chapter 986 effective July 1, 2022. Makes camping on highway shoulders, berms, or under overpasses a Class C misdemeanor and expands the Equal Access to Public Property Act to make camping on public property a Class E felony.

History for 87(R) HB 1925 (Texas Legislature Online): camping ban in public places

Texas Legislature bill-history page for HB 1925, signed June 15, 2021 and effective Sept. 1, 2021; it bans camping in public places statewide, creates a criminal offense, and lets political subdivisions designate camping property.

Texas HB 1925

Texas Senate Research Center analysis of HB 1925 (87th Legislature), the statewide public-camping ban effective Sept. 1, 2021. Explains the new Class C misdemeanor for camping in a public place without consent, exceptions, officer outreach duties, and the bar on local non-enforcement policies.

Texas HB 1925

Introduced text of Texas HB 1925 (87R), the statewide public-camping ban effective Sept. 1, 2021. Adds Penal Code Sec. 48.05 making it a Class C misdemeanor to camp in a public place without consent and bars local governments from discouraging enforcement, with AG injunctive authority and grant-fund penalties.

Texas HB 1925 (87R), enrolled bill text

Enrolled (final) text of Texas HB 1925, effective Sept. 1, 2021, establishing Government Code Ch. 2306 Subchapter PP: a political subdivision may not designate property for homeless camping without a TDHCA-approved plan (no public parks), with the department deciding within 30 days, plus the Class C misdemeanor camping offense.

Proposition B Camping Ban Offenses (City of Austin Open Data)

City of Austin open-data dataset (qc59-phn7) of Proposition B camping-ban citation offenses filed at Austin Municipal Court and the Downtown Austin Community Court since the ban took effect May 11, 2021, with offense and filing dates, charge, disposition, location, filing agency, defendant race and gender, and fines and fees, for public download and analysis.

King County Regional Affordable Housing Dashboard

Nonpartisan government data dashboard tracking cost burden and affordability gaps for King County (Seattle metro), Washington. Data-only resource.

Safe Rest Village 2022-23 Annual Report (Screen-Reader friendly version)

Screen-reader-friendly PDF download of Portland's Safe Rest Villages 2022-23 annual report, documenting the outdoor temporary-shelter program's budget, people served, and participant outcomes for its first full year.

Safe Rest Villages 2022-23 Annual Report

Portland's Safe Rest Villages 2022-23 annual report page, covering the outdoor temporary-shelter program's first year of data along with participant and staff stories; the linked report gives $56.3M in 2021-24 funding, $19.9M in FY22-23 expenses, and 345 people served.

Audit of the City's Homeless Response: Evaluation of Costs and Outcomes of Sheltering Programs

Sacramento City Auditor report (June 2026) evaluating the costs and outcomes of the 17 shelter programs the City funded from July 2022 through June 2025 (about $63.2M spent in fiscal years 2023-24 and 2024-25), reporting cost-per-positive-exit and cost-per-bed-night figures and finding that higher spending does not consistently correspond to better outcomes.

Preliminary Report on the City's Homeless Response

Sacramento City Auditor preliminary report on the city's homeless response, flagging that the Miller Park site cost $82 per bed-night versus a contracted $55 and that one shelter contract grew from about $396,000 to over $4M.

Saint Paul's Comprehensive Strategy to Support Our Unsheltered Neighbors

St. Paul fact sheet on its Community First Public Safety homelessness strategy, outlining city services and coordinated response approaches without a stated per-person cost.

Innovative programs require sustainable funding (Hennepin County, Jan 2023)

Hennepin County one-page funding request (January 2023) to keep shelter, case-management and capital projects running after short-term federal funding ends; it puts the need at $62.5 million over five years, including $2 million for the Avivo Village shelter in 2024, rising to $4.5 million a year starting in 2025.

Audits — Los Angeles City Controller

Index page for the Los Angeles City Controller's published audits and reports, including investigations of city homelessness spending and program performance.

Homelessness Audit: Interim Housing & Shelter Bed Data

Los Angeles City Controller landing page for the December 2023 audit of interim housing and shelter bed data, which found data-entry problems, low reported bed utilization at many shelters, and a LAHSA bed-reservation system too unreliable to use, against an estimated 46,260 people homeless in the city and about 16,100 interim beds.

Homeless Individual Camping (HIC) Plans (TDHCA)

Texas Department of Housing and Community Affairs program page implementing HB 1925 Subchapter PP through Homeless Individual Camping (HIC) Plans. A political subdivision may not designate camping property unless TDHCA approves its plan under Gov. Code 2306 and 10 TAC 1.8; the page posts a plan template and all plans received with TDHCA determinations, and takes questions at campingplans@tdhca.texas.gov.

Impact of a New York City supportive housing program on Medicaid expenditure patterns among people with serious mental illness and chronic homelessness (Lim et al., 2018)

Program evaluation of a New York City supportive housing program for applicants with serious mental illness and chronic homelessness, using matched administrative records for 2,827 people and propensity-score matching to estimate Medicaid costs over two years after baseline.

Housing-focused Encampment Assistance Link (HEAL) Initiative

City of Austin page describing the Housing-focused Encampment Assistance Link (HEAL) initiative, begun February 2021, which closes the most unsafe encampments by offering residents crisis-shelter relocation, case management, and housing support.

Zero KC

City of Kansas City, Missouri page for Zero KC, the city's strategic plan to end homelessness, run by the Office of Unhoused Solutions, setting out five pillars and seven priorities (among them low-barrier shelter, an encampment strategy and more street outreach) with linked plans and resources.

Responding to Homelessness (City of Sacramento)

Overview page for the City of Sacramento's homeless coordination work under the City Manager's office, linking community response, outreach, housing assistance, and regionally coordinated action planning.

Florida HB 1365

Florida House of Representatives staff final bill analysis of CS/CS/HB 1365 (2024), approved by the Governor March 20, 2024 and effective Oct. 1, 2024. Details the prohibition on counties and municipalities allowing public camping or sleeping and the certification rules for limited designated sites.

A randomized trial of permanent supportive housing for chronically homeless persons with high use of publicly funded services (Raven et al., Health Services Research, 2020)

Santa Clara County's Project Welcome Home randomized trial (July 2015 to September 2019) of permanent supportive housing for chronically homeless high users of county-funded services, measuring service use rather than cost.

Comparative Cost Analysis of Housing and Case Management Program for Chronically Ill Homeless Adults Compared to Usual Care (Basu et al., Health Services Research, 2012)

Cost analysis of the Chicago randomized trial of housing and case management for homeless inpatients with chronic medical illness (services coordinated by the AIDS Foundation of Chicago), 407 people at two hospitals followed 18 months, in 2010 dollars.

Missouri Senate — 2024 Senate Bills (Bill List)

Missouri Senate list of the 2024 regular-session Senate bills and resolutions (SB, SCR, SJR, SR), each with its sponsor, title and links to actions, amendments, fiscal notes, committee minutes and full text; downloadable as CSV.

Social protection & social inclusion (European Commission)

European Commission policy hub on social protection and inclusion, covering the European Pillar of Social Rights, the 2030 target to cut the number at risk of poverty or social exclusion by at least 15 million, and initiatives including the European Platform on Combating Homelessness.

OECD Housing policy hub

OECD's cross-national housing hub and Affordable Housing Database providing comparable indicators on housing costs, conditions, homelessness, and policy across member countries.

42 U.S.C. 11374: Emergency Solutions Grants eligible activities and the emergency-shelter spending cap

McKinney-Vento sec. 415, which lists what Emergency Solutions Grant money may be spent on and caps the share that may go to emergency shelter and street outreach. This cap is the constraint the 21st Century ROAD to Housing Act made waivable for FY2027-2030.

The Emerging Crisis of Aged Homelessness

Culhane et al. (2019) report The Emerging Crisis of Aged Homelessness, the source of the projection that the U.S. homeless population aged 65 and older will nearly triple by 2030 (40,000 in 2017 to 106,000) as people born in the latter half of the baby boom (1955-1965) age.

The Count: Dismantling the Unknown of Youth Homelessness

Chapin Hall policy brief (February 2024) reviewing the first Voices of Youth Count's national survey, in-depth interviews and systematic evidence review, noting long-standing doubts about point-in-time counts for youth, and recommending that Congress fund a national youth homelessness count every 3 years under a reauthorized Runaway and Homeless Youth Act.

Voices of Youth Count Comprehensive Report: Youth Homelessness in America

Full-length national report from the Voices of Youth Count study documenting the scale and lived experience of youth and young-adult homelessness across the U.S.

Voices of Youth Count: Missed Opportunities - Youth Homelessness in America

National research initiative (Voices of Youth Count) estimating the prevalence and characteristics of youth and young-adult homelessness in the United States.

Voices of Youth Count: National Report (Missed Opportunities)

The most comprehensive national study of youth homelessness prevalence, based on a survey of 26,000+ U.S. households in 2016-2017. Reports the share of teens and young adults who experience homelessness over a year.

Housing First: Overview of the Evidence Base

Current synthesis of the Housing First evidence base building on Tsemberis's Pathways model, summarizing randomized-trial and meta-analytic findings on housing stability, cost, and well-being.

America's Rental Housing 2026

Harvard Joint Center for Housing Studies' America's Rental Housing 2026 report on the state of the U.S. rental market. It reports asking rents for professionally managed apartments fell 0.6 percent year over year in the fourth quarter of 2025, after national rent growth hovered near zero since mid-2023, while renter cost burdens hit another record high.

Housing America's Older Adults 2023

Harvard Joint Center for Housing Studies' Housing America's Older Adults 2023 report on the housing conditions of the aging population. It finds 56 percent of older renters and 43 percent of older mortgaged owners cost-burdened, with about 11.2 million cost-burdened older adults, up from 9.7 million in 2016.

The State of the Nation's Housing 2026

Flagship annual report on U.S. housing markets and affordability, documenting cost burdens, homeownership, rents, supply, and homelessness trends.

The State of the Nation's Housing 2024

Flagship annual report on U.S. housing markets and affordability, documenting cost burdens, rents, home prices, supply, and homelessness. A reference-class source for housing-affordability statistics.

Cost comparison of congregate, motel, and village-type shelters for people experiencing homelessness

PDXScholar copy of the Portland State University study by Jacen Greene, Todd Ferry, Emily Leickly and Franklin Spurbeck (Journal of Social Distress and Homelessness, March 2025) comparing the per-unit costs of congregate, motel, and village-type shelters for people experiencing homelessness in Portland, Oregon, used as a per-unit cost benchmark across shelter models.

NBER Working Paper 32323 - Homelessness and the Persistence of Deprivation

First large nationally representative study of homeless adults, linking the 2010 Census to administrative tax and benefit records. Finds homelessness is rooted in long-term severe deprivation rather than sudden shocks, with most homeless adults connected to the labor market or safety net yet persistently very poor.

NBER Working Paper 31843 - Life and Death at the Margins of Society

Examines mortality of the U.S. homeless population using linked Census and administrative records, quantifying excess mortality among people experiencing homelessness.

Learning About Homelessness Using Linked Survey and Administrative Data

The definitive linked-administrative-data study of homelessness and work, matching the 2010 Census homeless enumeration to IRS and W-2 earnings records. The best source on how much homeless people actually work, and the one most often misread: its earnings shares are ANY formal earnings in the calendar year, not sustained monthly hours. Read the key datapoints before citing it.

NBER Working Paper 26232 - Reducing and Preventing Homelessness

A review of the evidence on interventions to reduce and prevent homelessness and a research agenda. Synthesizes findings on emergency financial assistance, rapid re-housing, permanent supportive housing, and Housing First.

Executive Order 14321 — American Presidency Project

Full text of EO 14321 (signed July 24, 2025), the executive order directing federal agencies to end support for 'housing first' policies and directing HUD to have recipients of federal housing and homelessness assistance require participants with substance use disorder or serious mental illness to use treatment as a condition of participation.

Homelessness Is a Housing Problem

University of California Press page for Homelessness Is a Housing Problem (Colburn and Aldern, 2022), which argues regional variation in homelessness stems mainly from housing-market conditions rather than individual factors. It uses city-to-city statistical comparison and finds that mental illness, drug use, poverty and weather do not explain the regional variation.

Public Service Reductions Associated with Placement of Homeless Persons with Severe Mental Illness in Supportive Housing (Culhane Report)

Landmark NYC study (the 'Culhane Report') merging placement records for 4,679 homeless persons with severe mental illness (1989-1997) with shelter, hospital, and corrections use to quantify the cost offsets of supportive housing.

McChesney, "Family Homelessness: A Systemic Problem," JSI 46

Research article by Kay Young McChesney in the Journal of Social Issues (1990, vol. 46, issue 4, pp. 191-205) analyzing family homelessness systemically through the 'low-income housing ratio': when households below the poverty line outnumber affordable low-cost units, homelessness inevitably results.

Media and Professional Interest in Homelessness over 30 Years

2004 journal article on media and professional interest in homelessness over 30 years (1974-2003). It charts a steep rise in coverage in four major newspapers in the mid-1980s, a steady decline through the late 1980s and into the 1990s, and a plateau since the mid-1990s, alongside a slower, later rise in professional attention.

Reducing Mass Incarceration: Lessons from the Deinstitutionalization of Mental Hospitals in the 1960s (Harcourt, 2011)

Columbia Law School scholarship page for Bernard Harcourt's 2011 paper drawing on the 1960s deinstitutionalization of mental hospitals as a lesson for reducing mass incarceration; the repository marks the paper as withdrawn and shows only its abstract. He argues for mental-health treatment, diversion, and litigation while warning against reproducing racial disparities or simply shifting people to new institutions.

What Is SNAP? And Why Does It Matter?

Johns Hopkins public-health explainer on what SNAP is and why it matters, drawing on USDA data. It reports roughly 41.7 million people per month received SNAP in FY2024 at about $99.8 billion in spending, and describes the program's role against hunger.

Cost comparison of congregate, motel, and village-type shelters for people experiencing homelessness

Peer-reviewed Journal of Social Distress and Homelessness study (Greene et al., Portland State University, March 2025) reporting Portland/Multnomah County FY2021-22 shelter operating costs per unit: about $16,654 for congregate shelter, $29,681 for village shelter, and $28,409 for motel shelter. Open access.

Reducing Mass Incarceration: Lessons from Deinstitutionalization (Harcourt, 2011)

Scholarly analysis of the deinstitutionalization of state mental hospitals, with the population data documenting the mid-century decline. Source for the asylum-population figures behind the homelessness-origins narrative.

Do Criminalization Policies Impact Local Homelessness?

Peer-reviewed Policy Studies Journal study (Lebovits and Sullivan) of camping bans and other criminalization ordinances enacted 2000-2021 across the 100 most populous U.S. cities, drawing on HUD Continuum of Care data; it finds no link between passing an ordinance and lower local homelessness in later years. Open access.

Chapin Hall at the University of Chicago

Policy research center producing applied research on child and family well-being, youth and family homelessness, and poverty. Home of the Voices of Youth Count national study on youth homelessness prevalence and risk factors.

Chapin Hall Youth Homelessness Impact Area

Research hub aggregating Chapin Hall's body of work on preventing and ending youth and young-adult homelessness, including the Voices of Youth Count reports, counting methodology, and policy briefs.

Brendan O'Flaherty, "Making Room: The Economics of Homelessness"

Harvard University Press page for the paperback edition (January 1998) of Brendan O'Flaherty's Making Room: The Economics of Homelessness, an economic analysis treating homelessness as a problem of housing markets and supply. It examines how rising rents and a shrinking low-cost housing stock produce homelessness.

Village Shelters

Portland State University's Homelessness Research and Action Collaborative page on its evaluation of tiny-home village shelter models such as Kenton Women's Village. Backed by a $184,800 grant, it studies how villages support residents' transition to permanent housing and for whom they work best.

UCSF Benioff Homelessness and Housing Initiative

Home page of the UCSF Benioff Homelessness and Housing Initiative, a research center producing policy-oriented studies on the causes and consequences of homelessness for local, state, and national leaders. It aims to turn evidence into action through data-driven recommendations.

Terner Center for Housing Innovation

UC Berkeley research center (the ternercenter.berkeley.edu host) producing data-driven research and tools on housing affordability, housing supply, development costs, and homelessness policy.

Actionable Intelligence for Social Policy (AISP)

Penn initiative supporting state and local governments in building integrated data systems (IDS) that link housing, homelessness, safety-net, health, child-welfare, and justice data for policy analysis. Publishes governance, legal, technology, and racial-equity toolkits and maps 70+ partner data collaboratives.

Actionable Intelligence for Social Policy (AISP)

Penn-based national leader in integrated data systems, data governance and the ethical use of public data for social policy, co-founded in 2009 by homelessness researcher Dennis Culhane (now its faculty director) and education researcher John Fantuzzo.

Dennis P. Culhane — Homelessness & Housing Policy Research

Faculty research hub for Dennis Culhane, a leading homelessness and assisted-housing-policy researcher whose work uses linked administrative data to study chronic homelessness, shelter utilization, aging homeless populations, and veteran homelessness.

Aubry et al. 2020 — PSH and Housing First Outcomes (Lancet Public Health)

2020 Lancet Public Health systematic review of permanent supportive housing and income-assistance interventions for homeless people in high-income countries. It found such interventions improve housing stability, with supportive housing most effective for people with high support needs.

Toward a New Understanding: The California Statewide Study of People Experiencing Homelessness

UCSF Benioff report Toward a New Understanding, the California Statewide Study of People Experiencing Homelessness (CASPEH, 2023), the largest representative U.S. homelessness study since the mid-1990s. It documents pathways into homelessness and finds many begin drug use only after losing housing, with about one in five of those using drugs regularly or drinking heavily wanting treatment but unable to get it.

CASPEH — California Statewide Study of People Experiencing Homelessness

UCSF Benioff overview of the California Statewide Study of People Experiencing Homelessness (CASPEH, 2023), based on nearly 3,200 surveys and 365 interviews across eight regions. Its behavioral-health findings report that about 42 percent of those who used drugs regularly began after becoming homeless and that one in five of those using drugs regularly or drinking heavily wanted treatment but could not get it.

California Statewide Study Investigates Causes and Impacts of Homelessness

UCSF announcement of the California Statewide Study of People Experiencing Homelessness, the largest representative study of homelessness in the U.S. since the mid-1990s, finding housing affordability and low income as dominant drivers.

HAC Infographics (rural poverty, homelessness, seniors, broadband)

HAC's Infogram channel of data infographics on rural America, including persistent poverty, rural homelessness, the senior population, rural broadband, Native American population change, and FEMA natural-hazard risk maps.

HUD Fair Market Rents (FMR) on PolicyMap

Mapped HUD Fair Market Rent and Small Area FMR data (2008-2026) by county subdivision and ZIP code, giving rental cost benchmarks used to set housing-assistance payment standards.

County Health Rankings - Severe Housing Problems Measure

County-level measure of the percentage of households with at least one of four severe housing problems, derived from HUD CHAS data.

State-by-State Homelessness and Housing Inventory Data Tools

State-level dataset and dashboard tracking homelessness counts and Housing Inventory Count (HIC) bed capacity from 2015 to 2024, plus the share of permanent supportive housing and rapid re-housing beds that rely on Continuum of Care funding (2024). Linked from the Urban Wire post 'Evidence Shows Permanent Supportive Housing Helps People Exit Homelessness. A Proposed Funding Change Would Cut Those Programs.'

What's in the 21st Century ROAD to Housing Act? (March 2026 Version)

Bipartisan Policy Center explainer (March 2026) on the 21st Century ROAD to Housing Act, the Scott-Warren bipartisan bill, covering housing supply grants, small-dollar mortgages, manufactured housing, an institutional-investor limit, and RAD and Moving to Work reforms. It describes the version released March 2, 2026; the page notes that the law enacted July 11, 2026 differs.

What's in the 21st Century ROAD to Housing Act? A Section-by-Section Summary of the Final Law

Bipartisan Policy Center issue brief on the final 21st Century ROAD to Housing Act, passed June 2026 (Senate 85-5, House 358-32). Details provisions on housing supply grants, single-stairway and manufactured housing, RAD expansion, and an institutional-investor restriction.

Cities Leading the Way: Case Studies in Housing Supply Solutions

Case-study report documenting local housing-supply solutions in four cities, covering vacant-property activation, zoning reform for missing-middle housing, permitting streamlining, and coordinated homelessness funding.

Homelessness, Housing Markets, and Federal Policy: Local Lessons and Policy Implications

Report linking homelessness to housing-market affordability through local case studies (Chattanooga, Seattle, Salt Lake City) and analyzing federal policy implications and root causes.

U.S. Opinions on Housing Affordability (poll)

National public-opinion poll (2,200 adults, May 2024) on housing affordability, rent/utility burden, homeownership interest, and perceptions of homelessness, with bipartisan policy-support breakdowns.

Child Trends Foster Youth Housing Stability Data

Analysis of housing stability outcomes for foster youth, finding roughly two-thirds remain stably housed through age 21 (FY2024 data), drawn from federal foster-care outcome data.

Zero Returns to Homelessness Explainer

Explainer introducing the Zero Returns to Homelessness initiative, adapting the functional-zero homelessness measurement concept to people reentering communities after incarceration. Frames reentry housing as cross-system corrections + housing collaboration.

Ending Chronic Homelessness Saves Taxpayers Money

National Alliance to End Homelessness issue brief on the fiscal case for supportive housing. A chronically homeless person costs taxpayers an average of $35,578 a year; those costs fall by 49.5% on average once the person is placed in supportive housing, which itself costs about $12,800, for net savings of roughly $4,800 a year.

Ending Chronic Homelessness Saves Taxpayers Money

National Alliance to End Homelessness issue brief summarizing research that permanent supportive housing lowers public costs by reducing jail, hospital, and emergency department use among chronically homeless people.

NAEH — FY2026 Continuum of Care Competition NOFO Analysis

NAEH's detailed analysis of the FY2026 HUD CoC NOFO, documenting that Tier 1 is set at 60% of Annual Renewal Demand (down from ~90% in 2024), scoring rewards substance-use-treatment availability and treatment-participation requirements, and the application deadline (Aug 26, 2026).

NAEH — HUD Policy Changes Threaten Efforts to End Homelessness (97,000 at risk)

NAEH analysis (via its Homelessness Research Institute) estimating that the FY2026 CoC NOFO's 60%-of-ARD Tier 1 change will put at least 97,000 residents of CoC-funded permanent housing at risk of losing housing, explicitly framed as a low-end estimate.

National Alliance to End Homelessness — State of Homelessness

Annual State of Homelessness report (2025 edition, based on 2024 data), linking to state and local data dashboards and a map. The closest national peer in format and a standing data source for homelessness counts and rates.

NLIHC / Cushing Dolbeare — Changing Priorities (2002)

Historical analysis of federal housing budget authority in constant dollars, documenting the early-1980s collapse of subsidized housing funding. Primary source for the HUD budget-cut figures.

Out of Reach 2025: The High Cost of Housing (full report)

NLIHC Out of Reach 2025 report documenting the gap between wages and rents, finding a full-time worker must earn the national housing wage to afford a modest two-bedroom rental without being cost-burdened, with state and metro breakdowns.

Sentencing Enhancement Zones

Prison Policy Initiative analysis of drug-free school zones, arguing they fail as deterrents and create racial disparities; in one Massachusetts county Black residents were 26 times and Latinos 30 times as likely as whites to be convicted under the laws.

Analyzing the Costs and Offsets of Denver's Supportive Housing Program

Urban Institute fact sheet evaluating the Denver Supportive Housing Social Impact Bond initiative (July 2021). Measures cost offsets across homelessness, criminal justice, and health care systems and finds that reductions in other public-service costs offset about half the program's annual per-person cost.

Denver Supportive Housing Social Impact Bond evaluation

Randomized evaluation of Housing First supportive housing in Denver, measuring housing stability and reductions in shelter, police, jail and detox use. Frequently cited cost-effectiveness finding.

Addressing Unsheltered Homelessness through the Joint Transitional Housing-Rapid Rehousing Program

November 2025 Urban Institute research report on HUD's Joint Transitional Housing-Rapid Rehousing (Joint TH-RRH) component, which braids transitional housing and rapid rehousing into a single flexible model to address unsheltered homelessness. Drawing on a survey of 100 program staff, interviews and focus groups, it examines how the programs are designed and run; Housing First principles were core features of the programs.

President Trump's Executive Order on Homelessness: A Shift in Federal Policy

Bipartisan Policy Center analysis of Executive Order 14321, explaining how it breaks from two decades of Housing First federal consensus toward behavioral-health treatment and enforcement, and the implementation challenges that follow.

Punitive Policies Will Never Solve Homelessness: The Evidence is Clear

National Alliance to End Homelessness blog arguing the evidence shows criminalization (camping bans, sweeps) does not reduce homelessness: it displaces people, destroys IDs and medications, and adds fines and arrest records that raise barriers to housing.

Summary of the HEARTH Act

Plain-language summary of the 2009 Homeless Emergency Assistance and Rapid Transition to Housing (HEARTH) Act, covering its expanded homelessness definition, Continuum of Care consolidation, and performance-based funding.

What is a Continuum of Care?

Explainer defining the HUD Continuum of Care (CoC) structure as the regional planning body that coordinates homelessness housing and services, with its history and core components.

NLIHC — FY26 CoC NOFO Puts At Least 97,000 People at Risk of Losing Housing

NLIHC Memo to Members article on the FY2026 CoC NOFO, reporting the National Alliance to End Homelessness estimate that at least 97,000 residents of CoC-funded permanent housing could lose their housing as funds shift from existing permanent housing to more temporary programs.

Urban Institute — Five Ways the HEARTH Act Changed Homelessness Assistance

Urban Institute explainer on how the HEARTH Act reshaped federal homelessness assistance, useful background on the statutory framework behind the Continuum of Care program.

Urban Institute — Homelessness Is Solvable Only With Sufficient Investment in Housing

Evidence-led explainer arguing the affordable-housing shortage drives homelessness and citing the vouchers/permanent-supportive-housing evidence base. Standing citation source for the structural-causes framing.

9 Facts About the Impending Senior Homelessness Crisis and How We Can Stop It

Urban Institute Housing Matters article on rising older-adult homelessness. Reports the share of older adults in sheltered homelessness rose 37% between 2019 and 2022, nearly 150,000 adults over 55 experiencing homelessness, and cases could triple by 2030.

Housing First Is Still the Best Approach to Ending Homelessness

Urban Institute Housing Matters synthesis defending Housing First against the claim that it drives rising homelessness, arguing the real causes are the affordable-housing shortage and inadequate wages. Summarizes evidence on housing stability and cost offsets.

CSG Justice Center

Nonprofit working with all 50 states on criminal-justice reform, including reentry-to-housing connections and recidivism data. Relevant to the intersection of incarceration, homelessness, and stable housing.

Protect SNAP: Stop Cuts to Food & Healthcare

Feeding America advocacy page opposing congressional cuts to SNAP, Medicaid, and Medicare. Reports that SNAP delivers nine times more meals than the charitable network, every $1 in benefits generates up to $1.50 in local economic activity, and less than 1% of benefits are misused.

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)

Feeding America Action issue page describing SNAP as the nation's most effective anti-hunger program. Reports SNAP served about 42 million people in 2023, provides nine meals for every one from food banks, and that each $1 in benefits generates an estimated $1.50 in economic activity.

Act Now: Hold HUD Accountable and Protect CoC Program Funding

National Alliance to End Homelessness action alert from 2025 urging Congress to hold HUD to its two-year FY2024 CoC Program NOFO rather than let it run a new FY2025 competition with conditions unrelated to homeless services, with talking points and a form for contacting lawmakers.

Housing First (Toolkits & Training Materials)

The National Alliance to End Homelessness's explainer on the Housing First approach to ending homelessness, including the evidence base and the two program models that follow it (permanent supportive housing and rapid re-housing). A primary advocacy/research clearinghouse on homelessness policy.

How Much Would It Cost to Provide Housing First to All Households Staying in Homeless Shelters?

NAEH cost analysis estimating the additional annual funding needed to place every household staying in a homeless shelter into Rapid Re-Housing or Permanent Supportive Housing, with a population breakdown. Quantifies the current gap between shelter throughput and permanent-housing capacity.

National Alliance to End Homelessness (NAEH)

Homepage of the National Alliance to End Homelessness, a national homelessness policy organization: the annual State of Homelessness report, research from its Homelessness Research Institute, policy advocacy, training and toolkits, and shareable graphics.

Research and Analysis (National Alliance to End Homelessness)

Listing page for NAEH's research and analysis publications, filterable by audience, category, best practice, key issue and year; recent items include its June 2, 2026 estimate that at least 97,000 people could lose housing under HUD's FY2026 CoC NOFO.

Emergency Motion for Summary Vacatur and Remand (NAEH v. HUD, FY2026 CoC NOFO)

The plaintiff coalition's September 21, 2026 emergency motion in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit (No. 26-1923), asking the court to summarily vacate the district court's decision setting aside HUD's FY2026 Continuum of Care notice and remand so the district court can reach the claims it never decided before HUD makes awards around December 1, 2026; in the alternative, to expedite the appeal. A primary court document in the litigation over HUD's FY2026 CoC competition.

Final HUD Spending Bill for FY26: Increased Funding for Rental and Homelessness Assistance

NLIHC's January 20, 2026 summary of the final FY2026 THUD spending bill text as released, before passage: about $77.3 billion for HUD, $34.9 billion for tenant-based rental assistance renewals, over $4.4 billion for Homeless Assistance Grants, and language requiring HUD to renew Continuum of Care grants expiring January-March 2026 for 12 months.

NLIHC — Out of Reach & The Gap (Housing Wage)

National low-income housing research and advocacy organization; the standing citation source for the housing wage (Out of Reach) and the affordable-rental-supply shortfall (The Gap). Also a co-plaintiff in NAEH v. HUD and a key analyst of HUD CoC NOFO funding shifts.

RAND Housing Center

RAND research center (est. 2021) conducting rigorous studies on housing affordability, homelessness, homelessness prevention, and intervention effectiveness, filling evidence gaps in U.S. housing and homelessness policy.

Urban Institute — Costs and Offsets of Denver's Supportive Housing Program (SIB evaluation)

Cost analysis attached to the Denver Social Impact Bond randomized supportive-housing evaluation: what the program cost per participant, how much of it was offset by reduced use of jails, shelters, ERs and detox, and the net cost of scaling to Denver's full chronically homeless population.

9th Overview of Housing Exclusion in Europe 2024

Annual FEANTSA/FAP report documenting housing exclusion and homelessness across Europe, with a 2024 focus on young people and children in inadequate or emergency housing.

Overview of Housing Exclusion in Europe (annual report series)

Annual flagship report (co-published by FEANTSA and the Fondation pour le Logement des Défavorisés, formerly the Fondation Abbé Pierre) tracking housing exclusion, housing-cost burden, and homelessness trends across European countries, with cross-national statistics and policy analysis.

FEANTSA - What is Homelessness (ETHOS Typology)

Authoritative reference defining homelessness and housing exclusion via the ETHOS (European Typology of Homelessness and Housing Exclusion) framework. Provides a transnational conceptual standard widely cited in homelessness research and policy.

Comparative Studies on Homelessness (EOH series)

Annual report series examining a single pan-European homelessness theme each year using questionnaires completed by national experts across countries. A model for cross-jurisdiction comparison of homelessness drivers and responses.

European Journal of Homelessness

Open-access peer-reviewed journal providing critical analysis of homelessness policy and practice across Europe (19+ volumes), produced by the European Observatory on Homelessness. FEANTSA also originated the ETHOS typology, the standard framework for classifying homelessness and housing exclusion internationally.

Homelessness (Our World in Data)

Data-driven overview of global homelessness measurement, comparing point-in-time and flow counts across OECD countries and explaining the definitional challenges that limit cross-country comparison.

FEANTSA (European Federation of National Organisations Working with the Homeless)

European confederation of homelessness-service organizations driving policy change and research, home to the European Observatory on Homelessness and the ETHOS typology of homelessness and housing exclusion. The leading non-US reference for homelessness frameworks.

European Observatory on Homelessness (EOH) Research Hub

Research arm of FEANTSA (the host feantsaresearch.org redirects here), the European homelessness federation, publishing the European Journal of Homelessness and the annual Comparative Studies on Homelessness and holding an annual European research conference. Provides the definitional and measurement framework used across Europe.

Missouri Homelessness Fact Sheet: 2023 Point-in-Time Data

One-page state fact sheet summarizing Missouri's 2023 HUD Point-in-Time count: 6,708 people homeless on a given night, up 11.1% between 2017 and 2023, 30 percent unsheltered, subpopulations, rates of homelessness by race per 10,000 residents, and inflow into homelessness against exits to permanent housing.

Tennessee Homelessness Fact Sheet: 2023 Point-in-Time Data

One-page state fact sheet summarizing Tennessee's 2023 HUD Point-in-Time count, with the sheltered and unsheltered split, subpopulations, rates of homelessness by race per 10,000 residents, and inflow against exits.

Tennessee Homelessness Fact Sheet: 2024 Point-in-Time Data

One-page state fact sheet summarizing Tennessee's 2024 HUD Point-in-Time count: the one-night total, the sheltered and unsheltered split, subpopulations, and inflow into homelessness against exits to permanent housing.

2025 NC Balance of State CoC PIT Summary by County

County-level breakdowns of the 2025 Point-in-Time count for the NC Balance of State CoC (NC-503), the CoC that covers most rural Western NC counties affected by Helene.

NCCEH Mini PIT Dashboard (with Helene)

An interactive multi-year summary of Point-in-Time counts for the Durham, NC Balance of State, and Orange CoCs, including the Hurricane Helene impact on counts.

North Carolina Housing Finance Agency: Policy Matters (homelessness data blog)

NCHFA's January 2025 analysis of the 2024 Point-In-Time count for North Carolina, summarizing statewide trends, the drivers NC Continuums of Care cite for the increase (housing unaffordability, wider coordinated entry), and a separate section on Hurricane Helene's impact after the count, with NC-specific figures.

Class E felony sentencing under Tenn. Code § 40-35-111

Justia codes page for Tenn. Code 40-35-111, the state sentencing statute; subsection (b)(5) sets Class E felony punishment at not less than one nor more than six years imprisonment, and lets the jury assess a fine not to exceed $3,000 unless otherwise provided by statute.

Tenn. Code § 39-14-414: Equal Access to Public Property Act of 2012

Justia codes page for Tenn. Code 39-14-414, the 2022 expansion of the Equal Access to Public Property Act making camping on public property a Class E felony (up to six years and a fine of up to $3,000) with restitution for property damage and a notice requirement before guilt.

ACLU — Two Years Since Grants Pass: Tracking the Criminalization of Homelessness

ACLU page tracking the criminalization of homelessness in the two years since Grants Pass, reporting that over 350 cities passed bills criminalizing unhoused people following the June 2024 decision, with penalties up to thousands in fines and possible jail.

HUD CoC System Performance Measures (Public Tableau Dashboard)

HUD's interactive public dashboard visualizing System Performance Measures 1-5 and 7 at the CoC level for 2020 through 2024, allowing comparison of any community (including the Asheville/Buncombe and NC Balance of State CoCs) across measures and years.

ICPSR DataLumos

ICPSR's archive for preserving at-risk U.S. government data, providing permanent, citable copies of federal datasets deposited by researchers and by the Data Rescue Project. The main deposit repository behind current data-rescue efforts, so removed or discontinued Census/USDA/HUD data can often be recovered here.

How Much Does It Cost To Operate Tiny Home Villages For People Experiencing Homelessness

A-Mark Foundation report on operating costs of Los Angeles tiny home villages, estimating a true cost of $80 to $90 per person per day for security, meals, and case management against about $60 in government funding, leaving a $20 to $30 daily gap.

What Are the Costs of Building Tiny Home Villages to Decrease Homelessness?

A-Mark Foundation report analyzing nine Los Angeles tiny home villages, finding an average construction cost of $42,344 per bed (ranging about $32,712 to $65,783) plus roughly $20,075 per bed in annual operating costs.

Capital Needs in the Public Housing Program

HUD's 2010 capital-needs assessment of the public housing program, prepared by Abt Associates. It estimates the backlog of unmet repair and modernization needs across the nation's public housing stock, totaling roughly $26 billion in existing capital needs.

AAP: Care for Children Facing Homelessness and Housing Insecurity

AAP policy statement providing clinical guidance for pediatricians caring for children and adolescents who are experiencing homelessness or housing insecurity, covering health risks and care-coordination recommendations.

Tsemberis, Gulcur & Nakae 2004 — Housing First RCT (AJPH)

Foundational randomized controlled trial (N=225 chronically homeless adults with dual diagnosis) comparing immediate Housing First vs treatment/sobriety-contingent control; Housing First was superior on housing retention with no clinical penalty and no increase in substance use.

Prevalence and Correlates of Survival Sex Among Runaway and Homeless Youth

1999 American Journal of Public Health study on the prevalence and correlates of survival sex among runaway and homeless youth. It reported survival sex among roughly 28 percent of street youth and 10 percent of shelter youth, linked to greater victimization and health risk.

Avivo Village - Indoor tiny-home shelter in Minneapolis

Avivo's program page for Avivo Village, a Minneapolis indoor shelter of 100 private tiny houses with 24/7 staff and wraparound services; from its December 2020 opening through July 2026 it had served 873 people, moved 339 to permanent housing, and reversed 261 overdoses.

Avivo Village FAQ

Avivo Village FAQ describing the low-barrier, harm-reduction tiny-house shelter in Minneapolis: each unit has a bed, desk and locking door, residents stay about 100 days on average, and the two-year pilot launched December 2020 at an estimated $8M cost.

Permanent Supportive Housing with Housing First: Findings from a Community Guide Systematic Economic Review

Center for Health Care Strategies summary of a Community Guide systematic economic review of Housing First permanent supportive housing, finding a median intervention cost of $16,479 per person per year against $18,247 in benefits.

Cicero Institute — Rejecting Housing First (Oct 2024)

Cicero Institute report by Devon Kurtz (October 2024) arguing Housing First has failed and that states should reject it, with 14 state policy proposals including bans on unauthorized street camping, designated camping sites, improved involuntary commitment and rebuilt transitional housing.

Housing First is a Failure

Cicero Institute essay by Judge Glock (January 13, 2022; updated August 30, 2022) arguing Housing First has failed: over 200,000 new permanent supportive housing units built and a federal Housing First mandate since 2013, while street homelessness rose by almost a fourth. It calls for refocusing on short-term shelter, moving people off the streets, and mental-health and substance-use treatment. Contested advocacy source.

Public Camping Ban (Cicero Institute issue brief)

Cicero Institute issue brief arguing public camping bans humanely redirect the unsheltered to existing shelters. Cites surplus capacity (Georgia: 7,302 vacant beds vs 5,245 unsheltered households; Utah: ~2,977 beds vs 780 households) and Austin/Phoenix outcomes.

Rejecting Housing First: Why America's Homelessness Strategy Failed and How to Fix It

Cicero Institute report arguing that Housing First has failed, citing a roughly 30 percent rise in unsheltered homelessness over ten years despite a doubling of permanent supportive housing units. It proposes 14 alternatives including bans on street camping, expanded transitional housing, drug-free service zones, and easier involuntary treatment.

The Cicero Institute's 'Reducing Street Homelessness Act' model bill is the template for N

Cicero Institute's Reducing Street Homelessness Act model bill (PDF posted November 2021). It bans unauthorized sleeping and camping on State-owned land (a Class C misdemeanor), limits State short-term-housing funds to parking areas, sanctioned camping facilities, small individual shelters and pay-for-performance shelters, moves State permanent-supportive-housing funds in high-homelessness areas to treatment and services, and cuts funds to cities that refuse to enforce camping laws.

CDC Community Guide / CPSTF — Housing First Programs (Social Determinants of Health)

Official CPSTF recommendation page for Permanent Supportive Housing with Housing First, reporting a median 88% greater decrease in homelessness and median 41% greater housing stability versus comparison conditions, and that economic benefits exceed costs in the U.S.

Audit Report: Multi-Agency Homeless Encampments (April 2023)

Denver Auditor's Office report (April 2023) auditing how city agencies respond to unauthorized homeless encampments and how the city tracks encampment-related spending; it estimates the city spent at least $13.65 million on encampment enforcement, outreach and clean-up from January 2019 through June 2022, and it publishes no per-person cost for Safe Outdoor Spaces.

Project 2025 Mandate for Leadership — Chapter 15 (HUD)

The Project 2025 HUD chapter (authored by Ben Carson) calling to end Housing First, devolve HUD functions to states/localities, and roll back fair-housing and climate provisions. Advocacy/political source documenting the position.

Homelessness, Health, and Human Needs

National Academies 1988 report Homelessness, Health, and Human Needs, an early structural account of modern homelessness in the United States. It examines the health conditions of homeless people and the systemic causes behind the era's surge in homelessness.

2025 Homelessness Messaging Toolkit

Invisible People's 2025 toolkit of messaging strategies for countering criminalization and building public support for housing solutions, with recommendations grounded in tests of altruistic versus personal-benefit messages across audiences.

Housing First and Homelessness: The Rhetoric and the Reality

Stephen Eide's April 2020 Manhattan Institute report arguing that Housing First has been shown to work for individuals but not to end homelessness at the community level, that proponents overstate its cost-effectiveness, and that its record on behavioral health and employment is weaker than on residential stability. Recommends that HUD allow Continuum of Care grantees more flexibility from Housing First requirements.

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine — Permanent Supportive Housing: Evaluating the Evidence (2018)

Landmark 2018 National Academies consensus study assessing the evidence that permanent supportive housing (PSH) improves health outcomes for people experiencing chronic homelessness. Notable for finding the health-outcome evidence limited even as PSH clearly improves housing stability, a nuance often cited on both sides of the Housing First debate.

Permanent Supportive Housing: Evaluating the Evidence

National Academies 2018 consensus study reviewing whether permanent supportive housing improves health and lowers costs for chronically homeless people. It found PSH increases housing stability and reduces emergency-department use among people with high medical needs, but found no substantial evidence yet that PSH improves health outcomes (except some evidence for people with HIV/AIDS) or reduces health care costs.

Permanent Supportive Housing: Evaluating the Evidence for Improving Health Outcomes Among People Experiencing Chronic Homelessness

2018 consensus study evaluating whether permanent supportive housing improves health outcomes and reduces health care costs for chronically homeless people. The standard evidence review cited in Housing First debates.

Permanent Supportive Housing: Evaluating the Evidence for Improving Health Outcomes Among People Experiencing Chronic Homelessness

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine consensus report (2018) evaluating the evidence on whether permanent supportive housing improves health outcomes and affects health care costs for people experiencing chronic homelessness.

NASP: The National Association of School Psychologists

Home page of the National Association of School Psychologists: its resources, publications, professional development and advocacy for school psychologists.

Housing Not Handcuffs: Ending the Criminalization of Homelessness in U.S. Cities

National Homelessness Law Center's (then the National Law Center on Homelessness & Poverty) 'Housing Not Handcuffs' report (PDF) documenting the rise and fiscal cost of laws criminalizing homelessness across the 187 cities it has tracked since 2006, including San Francisco's spending of over $3 million a year cleaning encampments.

Tracking the Criminalization of Homelessness (Emergent Threats map)

National Homelessness Law Center's Housing Not Handcuffs Emergent Threats / Tracking the Criminalization of Homelessness page, the primary live tracker mapping camping-ban and funding-restriction bills, plus positive policies and defeated bills, including Cicero Institute template bills.

"The Rise of Homelessness in the 1980s"

PBS SoCal article on the causes of the 1980s homelessness surge, citing the loss of manufacturing jobs, a sharp drop in low-cost housing (down 42% in LA from 1974-1985), deep federal welfare cuts, and deinstitutionalization without adequate community support.

NASP: The Challenges of Homelessness (Principal Leadership / family-educator handout)

Practitioner article (Principal Leadership, February 2013, by Tory Cox; created with NASP and the School Social Work Association of America) on how homelessness affects students, the barriers to enrollment and attendance that the McKinney-Vento Act was meant to address, and the role of school social workers and other support staff. The broader nasponline.org site is primarily a school-psychology professional hub with limited direct housing/food datasets.

National Alliance to End Homelessness v. HUD

Case page for National Alliance to End Homelessness v. HUD, a suit by seven local governments (five represented by Public Rights Project) and national and local organizations, challenging HUD's Continuum of Care grant changes that prioritize requiring people to address substance use before housing and penalize diversity efforts. A court granted a preliminary injunction in December 2025 blocking the rollback of Housing First policies.

Heritage Foundation — The Housing First Approach Has Failed

Advocacy report (Christopher Rufo, August 4, 2020) arguing that HUD should shift Continuum of Care funding from Housing First to Treatment First programs, by removing NOFA scoring rewards for low-barrier programs and ending the 30 percent permanent-housing minimum. Contested advocacy source for the treatment-first position.

Research And Sources

Third Door Coalition research-and-sources page compiling permanent supportive housing cost and savings evidence, including national net-savings ranges and city program costs in Seattle, New York, and Portland.

Security Guards Cost

Thumbtack cost guide for hiring security guards, citing unarmed rates of $15 to $35/hr and armed rates of $20 to $45/hr, with a national average near $45 to $60/hr and a $50/hr midpoint.

Benchmarking Security Guard Pay and Bill Rates: A Report for the Security Guard Industry

Trackforce Valiant report (hosted by IFPO) benchmarking security officer pay against client bill rates from December 2019 shift data, used to frame how contract guard staffing is priced across commercial and government work.

Treatment Advocacy Center - Reports & Research

Research library of a national nonprofit focused on serious mental illness (SMI), publishing policy and health-services research on psychiatric bed availability, criminalization of mental illness, and the connections among SMI, homelessness, and the justice system.

AMA Journal of Ethics — Deinstitutionalization of People with Mental Illness: Causes and Consequences (2013)

Authoritative review of U.S. deinstitutionalization history and its consequences (homelessness, incarceration), with bed-ratio statistics relevant to the institutionalization debate.

Criminalization of Homelessness and Poverty Post-Grants Pass Is Still Unlawful and Ineffective at Reducing Homelessness

American Bar Association (Civil Rights and Social Justice Section) article arguing that post-Grants Pass, criminalizing homelessness remains unlawful under other constitutional provisions and is the most expensive and least effective response, and urging upstream housing supports instead.

Housing First, Consumer Choice, and Harm Reduction for Homeless Individuals With a Dual Diagnosis (Tsemberis et al. 2004)

Foundational NYC Housing First RCT (N=225 chronically homeless, mentally ill) establishing the model's housing-retention superiority and clinical safety.

Veterans Community Project: Tiny homes for homeless vets

Association of the U.S. Army article on the Veterans Community Project, which builds a tiny-home village in Kansas City beside a services center for homeless veterans; the December 2018 column says more than 650 communities had asked for its playbook.

How Much Does It Cost to Rent a Porta-Potty?

BigRentz pricing guide for portable toilet rentals, covering standard and ADA-accessible units with weekly and monthly rate ranges and city-by-city price tables, plus the cost drivers (delivery, servicing, location) behind each.

Point-in-Time homelessness report coverage (2026)

Nonprofit-newsroom analysis of the federal HUD Point-in-Time count showing homelessness declines in California and nationally, useful as a sourced read of the annual PIT data.

Executive Order 14321 analysis (Ending Crime and Disorder on America's Streets)

Analysis of Executive Order 14321, summarizing its directives to eliminate HHS grant guidelines that funded 'housing first' and 'safe consumption' approaches and to make HUD grantees require beneficiaries with mental illness or addiction to seek treatment as a condition of participation, with a federalism critique of where the order risks overreach.

Supporting Safe Outdoor Spaces as a Solution to Homelessness

Denver Public Library blog post supporting Safe Outdoor Spaces as a homelessness response, citing Colorado Village Collaborative's per-person cost of just under $25 per night to run its sanctioned tent sites.

How much does it cost to rent portable toilets?

Fixr.com cost guide for portable toilet rentals: a national average of $150-$300 per week ($220 average), roughly $100-$500 per month long-term, handwashing stations around $155 per week, service visits $45-$60 each, and ADA-accessible units at $150-$225 daily.

The Great American Recovery Initiative: Trump Executive Order on Addiction (Foley analysis)

Foley & Lardner legal analysis of Executive Order 14379 (signed Jan 29, 2026), 'Addressing Addiction Through the Great American Recovery Initiative,' which establishes a White House initiative on substance use and opioid use disorder treatment policy. Relevant to the federal addiction/treatment-policy backdrop of the homelessness-institutionalization shift.

3 solutions proven to reduce homelessness

Good Good Good explainer on ending homelessness, citing a systematic review of 26 studies finding Housing First decreased homelessness by 88% and improved housing stability by 41% versus Treatment First programs, with practitioner commentary.

How Houston Cut Its Homeless Population by Nearly Two-Thirds

Governing article on how Houston cut homelessness 64% over 12 years (8,500 to 3,200 nightly) via The Way Home; housing a person costs about $18,000 a year, roughly a third to a quarter of street costs, and 90% remain housed after one year.

Reducing homelessness in the US: A solutions-focused, research-based explainer

A research-based explainer for journalists synthesizing the evidence on solutions to homelessness, and a curated gateway to the underlying studies.

MRSC - Camping Revisited: U.S. Supreme Court Changes the Landscape of Penalizing Public Sleeping

MRSC, a nonprofit that provides legal and policy guidance to Washington local governments, analyzes the 2024 Supreme Court ruling in Grants Pass v. Johnson, which held the Eighth Amendment does not bar cities from enforcing public camping/sleeping ordinances. Useful background for the wave of state and local homelessness criminalization that followed.

NACo — Litigation Delays New Funding; Congress Directs HUD to Renew CoC Projects

NACo update on Section 244 of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2026 (NACo's February 3, 2026 update), which directs HUD to renew CoC projects expiring in the first quarter of 2026, renew second-quarter projects if funding is not awarded by April 1, and renew all remaining projects if funding is not awarded by July 1.

170,000 at Risk: Why the Trump Administration Should Retain Housing First Policies

Law-review forum article by Ryan Totaro arguing the Trump administration should retain Housing First funding, tracing the widely cited 170,000-at-risk figure to internal HUD documents surfaced by POLITICO.

Reevaluating 'Housing First' in a Changing Policy Landscape

George Washington University Policy Perspectives piece tracing the origins of Housing First and analyzing HUD's proposed Continuum of Care changes that would sharply cut permanent supportive housing funding in favor of transitional housing with work/service requirements.

Homeless Encampments Cost These Cities Tens of Thousands of Dollars Per Tent

Reason article on the high cost of staffed safe-sleeping/camping sites: roughly $44,000 per tent to build in Los Angeles, where most operating costs go to 24/7 staffing and catering, about $61,000 per tent per year in San Francisco, and an estimated $34,000 per tent per year in Portland.

Zoning Rules Restricted Homeless Shelters During the Pandemic

Reason feature on how zoning rules block shelters and soup kitchens, with cases from Boise, Gloversville, Brookings and Palo Alto, and how RLUIPA and Cleburne offer protection but costly, uncertain litigation.

Judge blocks new HUD funding restrictions for Housing First initiatives

Reporting on Judge Mary McElroy's Dec 19, 2025 preliminary injunction (D.R.I.) temporarily blocking HUD's withdrawn FY2025 Continuum of Care NOFO, the key litigation creating funding-environment volatility.

How Joe Lonsdale and the Right Made Homelessness a Crime

Rebecca Burns investigative feature on Joe Lonsdale, the Cicero Institute, and the think-tank-to-policy pipeline behind camping bans, Housing First defunding, and the Grants Pass litigation.

Handwashing Stations: Ultimate Guide 2025

Satellite Industries guide to portable handwashing stations, citing the OSHA minimum of one station per 20 employees on construction sites and advising placement near toilets, entrances, and food areas for events, with notes on unit durability.

Backsliding Support and Backfiring Messaging: The Homelessness Conversation Needs a Reframe

Shelterforce analysis on how common homelessness messaging can backfire and erode public support, calling for a reframe toward structural causes. Shelterforce is a long-running independent publication on housing and community development.

How Project 2025 Would Dismantle HUD

Shelterforce analysis of the Project 2025 / Heritage Foundation 'Mandate for Leadership' HUD chapter, detailing proposals to devolve HUD functions to states and localities, impose time limits on assistance, sell public housing to private developers, end Housing First, and repeal the Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing rule.

Shelterforce — What HUD's New Homeless Policy Looks Like on the Ground

On-the-ground reporting on provider impacts of the HUD homelessness funding shift.

Sightline Institute — Homelessness Is a Housing Problem

Summary of the Colburn & Aldern Homelessness Is a Housing Problem research, framing homelessness as a function of regional housing-market conditions. Cascadia-focused but a strong framing source.

Stateline — Many More Cities Ban Sleeping Outside Despite Lack of Shelter Space

Reporting on the proliferation of municipal camping bans after Grants Pass, with state and city counts and penalties.

Cities Rush to Criminalize Homelessness After Supreme Court Ruling

The Appeal's August 2024 analysis of the camping bans passed or proposed in the two months after City of Grants Pass v. Johnson, which reversed the Ninth Circuit and let local governments criminalize sleeping outdoors even when no shelter is available.

Creating a Science of Homelessness During the Reagan Era (Jones, 2015)

Historical scholarship on how modern homelessness emerged and was documented in the 1980s, including federal-policy and media-coverage dynamics. Anchor source for the 'how modern homelessness was made' history.

Pew Charitable Trusts — How Housing Costs Drive Levels of Homelessness

Nonpartisan, sourced research article reporting that research finds housing costs explain far more of homelessness variation than substance use, mental health, weather, the safety net, or poverty. Used as a primary citation anchor for the housing-cost thesis.

Security Owners: What Are Good Pay and Bill Rates?

Silvertrac (now Trackforce) blog article, April 2020, summarizing a Trackforce Valiant report on contract security pay versus bill rates from over 2 million shifts in one month of December 2019 payroll data: median commercial pay $15/hr against a median bill rate of about $23/hr (bill rates average about a 55% markup), while government contracts have a median pay of $25/hr and a median bill rate of $46/hr.

HDX 2.0 (Homelessness Data Exchange, version 2.0)

The web-based data-collection platform CoCs use to submit PIT counts, HIC inventory, System Performance Measures, and Longitudinal Systems Analysis (LSA) data to HUD. Primarily an authenticated reporting tool, but the system of record for the national homelessness data pipeline.

NAEH v. Scott Turner, et al. — case page (ACLU of Rhode Island)

Case page for the companion D.R.I. suit NAEH v. Turner, 1:25-cv-00447 (filed September 11, 2025), which tests whether HUD may attach political and ideological conditions to federal homelessness funding. Not to be confused with the separate NOFO case, NAEH v. HUD.

Coldwell & Bender (2007) — Effectiveness of Assertive Community Treatment for Homeless Populations with SMI (Am. J. Psychiatry)

Meta-analysis (10 studies, 5,775 subjects) finding Assertive Community Treatment gives significant advantages over standard case management in reducing homelessness and symptom severity; source of the commonly cited ~37%/~26% effect sizes.

Water Truck Rental - 2,000-4,999 gal Water Trucks

BigRentz equipment page for water truck rentals, listing 2,000-2,999 and 4,000-4,999 gallon trucks for dust control, soil compaction and temporary water supply; rates are shown only after a jobsite location is set.

The Last U.S. Hunger Data: What We Lose with the Termination of the USDA's Household Food Security in the United States Report

CSIS analysis of the USDA's September 2025 decision to terminate its annual Household Food Security in the United States report after more than 25 years. It explains the loss of comprehensive national tracking of food-insecurity trends used to gauge how the economy and policy affect access to food.

Homelessness (Cicero Institute issue page)

Cicero Institute's homelessness issue page, calling on states to ban unauthorized street camping, direct funds away from Housing First (it claims 8 to 20 permanent supportive housing units are needed to get one chronically homeless person off the street), pay nonprofits for results, and loosen civil commitment laws, with a list of its homelessness research. Advocacy source documenting the policy position, not independent fact.

Civil Rights Litigation Clearinghouse — NAEH v. HUD (Case 47422)

Primary docket tracker for National Alliance to End Homelessness v. HUD (1:25-cv-00636, D.R.I.), the litigation over HUD's Nov 13, 2025 rescission of the two-year CoC NOFO; documents the preliminary injunction granted from the bench December 19, 2025, with the written order (ECF 52) entered December 23, 2025.

NAEH v. Turner, 1:25-cv-00447 (D.R.I.) — Civil Rights Litigation Clearinghouse

Scholarly case summary and document archive for the D.R.I. grant-conditions case NAEH v. Turner, 1:25-cv-00447. Companion entry to the Clearinghouse's page for 1:25-cv-00636 (already in the library); together they keep the two litigation tracks straight.

NAEH v. HUD docket, 1:25-cv-00636 (D.R.I.) — CourtListener

Live federal docket for National Alliance to End Homelessness v. HUD, the D.R.I. case (Judge Mary S. McElroy) that produced the preliminary injunction protecting FY2024-25 CoC renewals, granted from the bench December 19, 2025 with the written order (ECF 52) entered December 23, 2025. On June 29, 2026 (ECF 99) the court set aside the November 2025 and December 2025 NOFOs under the APA, denied a permanent injunction, and denied leave to add an FY2026 NOFO challenge, which it said plaintiffs were free to bring as a separate action (now 1:26-cv-00436). The primary place to verify litigation status before relying on any secondary account.

NAEH v. HUD (FY2026 CoC NOFO challenge), D.R.I. 1:26-cv-00436 docket

Live federal docket for the nonprofit and local-government challenge to HUD's FY2026 Continuum of Care NOFO, filed July 2, 2026 after Judge McElroy's June 29 order declined to fold FY2026 claims into the 2025 case and invited a separate action. Plaintiffs include the National Alliance to End Homelessness, NLIHC, Crossroads Rhode Island, Youth Pride, and the cities and counties of Boston, Cambridge, Tucson, Santa Clara, King County, and Nashville; defendants include HUD, Secretary Turner, OMB, and Director Vought. The docket carries the filed complaint, administrative record, and injunction briefing.

State of Washington v. HUD (FY2026 CoC NOFO challenge), D.R.I. 1:26-cv-00439 docket

Live federal docket for the multistate challenge to HUD's FY2026 Continuum of Care NOFO, filed July 7, 2026 by Washington and 21 other states (Kentucky and Pennsylvania through their governors) plus the District of Columbia. The states argue... [argument sentence unchanged]. On August 7, 2026 the court set aside the FY2026 NOFO in its entirety under the APA; HUD appealed (First Circuit No. 26-1922), and the First Circuit granted a stay on September 16 and entered judgment 'Vacated and Remanded' on September 24, 2026 (mandate September 28). the roughly $1.3 billion set-aside for new transitional housing and supportive-services-only projects operates as an unlawful cap on permanent-housing renewals, and that scoring credit for conditioning assistance on treatment participation conflicts with the McKinney-Vento Act and the APA.

Proposed First Supplemental Complaint, NAEH v. HUD, 1:25-cv-00636 (filed June 22, 2026)

The primary-source supplemental complaint (Doc 97-1, 1:25-cv-00636-MSM-AEM) challenging HUD's FY2026 Continuum of Care NOFO. Argues the ~$1.3B new-project set-aside conflicts with Congress's renewal directive and that the notice imposes unlawful executive-order conditions.

The Literature on Homelessness (Culhane, dissertation chapter one)

Dennis Culhane's literature review chapter tracing studies of homelessness from skid row to the 'new homeless', dividing them into individual-defect and demographic studies and covering the loss of single-room-occupancy housing.

Dennis P. Culhane Homelessness Research Publications

Dennis P. Culhane's publication library (268 articles), filterable by topic, including HMIS and AHAR, housing interventions, population estimation and trends, and patterns of homelessness.

Eden Village USA - Tiny-home communities for the chronically homeless

Site of Eden Village, a program of The Gathering Tree whose tiny-home model for the chronically homeless is being duplicated across the country; its locations page lists communities in 10 cities. Residents must show chronic homelessness and a disability and pay $300 monthly rent.

Health in Justice Action Lab

Interdisciplinary research lab applying a public-health lens to criminal-legal and drug-policy issues, generating peer-reviewed research, coded datasets, and interactive dashboards on substance use, forced treatment, and the criminalization of poverty and addiction. Relevant to the social-determinants and homelessness/treatment-policy strands of the library.

Pool Water Delivery Cost

HomeGuide cost guide for bulk and pool water delivery, reporting roughly $30 to $100 per 1,000 gallons and about $200 to $600 per truckload, with rates varying by volume, distance, and water type.

Human Services Research Institute (HSRI)

Nonprofit research institute (50 years) producing person-centered research and data tools across housing & homelessness, behavioral health, intellectual/developmental disabilities, aging, and population health. Hub for the National Core Indicators and related social-services datasets.

Flathead Warming Center

Institute for Justice case page on the Flathead Warming Center, the Kalispell, Montana shelter whose conditional-use permit the Kalispell City Council voted 6-3 to revoke in September 2024; IJ sued, won a preliminary injunction in November 2024 letting it reopen, and in 2025 the city agreed to permanently reinstate the permit.

The Pendulum Swings from Deinstitutionalization to Expanded Civil Commitment

JAAPL article (Huselid et al., March 2026) tracing the historical arc from deinstitutionalization to the current state-level expansion of civil-commitment authority in response to homelessness and untreated mental illness.

Byrd v. State of Missouri, No. SC100045 (Mo. Dec. 19, 2023)

Justia copy of the Missouri Supreme Court opinion (SC100045, Byrd v. State of Missouri) holding that TAFP HB 1606 violated the single-subject requirement of Article III, Section 23, with the homelessness provisions not fairly related to the bill's title.

Homelessness in America: The History and Tragedy of an Intractable Social Problem

Stephen Eide's 2022 book (Rowman & Littlefield; Eide is a Manhattan Institute senior fellow) examining the history, government and private responses, and future prospects of homelessness in America across multiple policy domains, with recommendations.

Appendix B: The History of Homelessness in the United States, in Permanent Supportive Housing: Evaluating the Evidence for Improving Health Outcomes Among People Experiencing Chronic Homelessness (2018)

National Academies appendix tracing U.S. homelessness from the 1870s through the modern era, including deinstitutionalization, SRO loss, HUD budget cuts and federal responses.

HUD releases funding opportunity for Continuum of Care Program - Deadline Sept. 30

County-facing summary of the FY2026 Continuum of Care NOFO litigation: the August 7, 2026 order vacating the notice, the September 16 appeals-court order letting HUD proceed while it considers the appeal, and HUD's reinstatement of the NOFO with a September 30 application deadline.

National Coalition for the Homeless

Long-running advocacy organization publishing fact sheets and reports on the causes of homelessness, criminalization, and policy responses.

National Coalition for the Homeless — Our History

National advocacy organization's history page documenting the founding of the National Coalition for the Homeless, from Robert Hayes's 1981 right-to-shelter lawsuit in New York City to its formation in 1982 and incorporation in 1984.

Criminalization - National Homelessness Law Center

National Homelessness Law Center criminalization hub, home of its Housing Not Handcuffs research tracking laws that punish survival activities, plus a litigation manual, food-sharing and tent-city reports, and policy tools.

Keep Families Together Campaign

Advocacy campaign opposing a HUD proposal to bar mixed-immigration-status families from federal housing programs (public housing, Section 8), providing know-your-rights resources, comment templates, and impact data.

National Alliance to End Homelessness v. HUD (2026)

Legal-advocacy organization co-litigating NAEH v. HUD; this is its case page for the second suit, over HUD's 2026 CoC grant notice, which it says threatens to force 97,000 people back into homelessness, with updates on the August 7, 2026 ruling and the September 2026 appeal.

Journalist's Resource (Harvard Shorenstein Center)

Harvard Kennedy School Shorenstein Center project that curates, summarizes and contextualizes research on public policy topics for journalists, including Know Your Research tip sheets and explainers on research methods.

Sightline Institute

Cascadia-focused nonpartisan, nonprofit research and policy institute working on climate and energy, democracy and elections, and housing and cities. Its site carries Colburn and Aldern's own March 2022 summary of their 'Homelessness Is a Housing Problem' research (sightline.org/2022/03/16/homelessness-is-a-housing-problem/). Advocacy-oriented framing twin to the housing-cost thesis.

Council of State Governments (CSG) - Research Informed Governing

CSG's Research Informed Governing hub: quick links to The Book of the States, Shared State Legislation, Recovery Analysis for States, the Governing for Results Network on evidence-based policymaking and ADAPTAC, with featured American Rescue Plan resources for states.

The Pew Charitable Trusts

Nonpartisan, sourced research desk whose homelessness work (its August 2023 article 'How Housing Costs Drive Levels of Homelessness', entry F93-23) argues housing costs explain far more of homelessness than substance use, mental health, weather, the safety net, or poverty. Strong national explainer peer with no directory.

Treatment Advocacy Center (TAC)

National advocacy and research organization focused on severe mental illness (SMI) treatment access, publishing data and reports on psychiatric bed shortages, criminalization, and the SMI-homelessness intersection.

National Alliance to End Homelessness v. HUD, No. 26-1923 (1st Cir.) — appellate docket

First Circuit docket for HUD's appeal of the August 7, 2026 district-court judgment vacating the FY2026 Continuum of Care NOFO under the Administrative Procedure Act. Tracks HUD's emergency motion for a stay pending appeal and the panel's handling of it, the primary-record complement to the D.R.I. trial docket already in the library.

NAEH v. HUD, First Circuit appeal docket (No. 26-1923 / CourtListener 74650565)

First Circuit appellate docket for HUD's appeal of the August 7, 2026 district-court order vacating the FY2026 Continuum of Care NOFO. Tracks HUD's emergency motion to stay pending appeal, the panel's August 27 supplemental-briefing order on the Secretary's set-aside authority under 42 U.S.C. 11382(a) and 11386b, the completed supplemental briefing (HUD memorandum August 31, appellees' response September 2, HUD reply September 4, 2026), and the panel's September 16, 2026 order granting the stay.

Plaintiffs' Unopposed Motion to Correct the Judgment, NAEH v. HUD, 1:26-cv-00436 (D.R.I., filed Sep 4, 2026)

The coalition plaintiffs' September 4, 2026 unopposed motion asking the court to correct its August 7 final judgment to a Rule 54(b) partial judgment covering only the FY2026 NOFO claims, and then to rule on the fully briefed claims against OMB. The motion argues that the vacatur did not reach either the OMB apportionment footnotes restricting FY2026 CoC funds or HUD's delay in the FY2025 renewal awards.

Veterans Community Project Kansas City - Tiny-home village for homeless veterans

Veterans Community Project's Kansas City location page describes its tiny-home village for homeless veterans: 49 fully furnished tiny homes for individuals and families, built around a Village Center with a dental clinic and medical and veterinary rooms, plus personalized 1:1 support.

City of Grants Pass v. Johnson

Wikipedia article on City of Grants Pass v. Johnson, 603 U.S. 520 (2024), in which the Supreme Court ruled 6-3 (Gorsuch) that enforcing generally applicable camping ordinances on public property does not violate the Eighth Amendment's ban on cruel and unusual punishment.

Homeless encampment sweep (Wikipedia)

Wikipedia article on homeless encampment sweeps, covering the history of forced removals in the U.S., the 2024 Grants Pass v. Johnson ruling, and documented harms (confiscated belongings, disrupted medical care, heightened mortality).

Safe Parking Programs

Wikipedia overview of safe parking programs, designated lots where people living in vehicles can legally park overnight with restrooms, security and case management; notes San Diego runs near $10 per car per night and California leads with over two dozen lots.

The Salvation Army - Audit for period ending Sep 2017

ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer Single Audit record for The Salvation Army (EIN 58-0660607), fiscal year ending September 2017, filed because the organization spent $750,000 or more in federal grant money that year.

Financial Accountability | Western Carolina Rescue Ministries

Western Carolina Rescue Ministries financial-accountability page posting its IRS Form 990 filings and financial statements for 2020 through 2025, presented as a transparency record of how funds are raised and spent.

Varke / ARA — Finland National Homelessness Statistics

Official Finnish national homelessness statistics (the implementing source behind widely cited Housing First outcome figures), using the EU ETHOS Light classification. Documents both the long decline under Housing First/PAAVO and the 2024-2025 reversal.

Varke (ARA) — Homelessness Statistics, Finland

Official Finnish national homelessness statistics, the primary data behind Finland's Housing First / PAAVO outcomes and the documented 2024-2025 reversal (single homeless people rising to 4,579 in 2025, long-term homeless 1,306, and 758 living outdoors, in stairwells or in shelters).

Amnesty International — “I Have to Choose Whether to Buy Food or Pay My Rent”: The Impact of Austerity Measures on the Right to Adequate Housing in Finland (EUR 20/9219/2025)

Report on how Finland's austerity measures, including social security cuts and cuts to STEA funding for social and health NGOs (EUR 383 million in 2024, EUR 304 million in 2025, EUR 252 million by 2027), affect the right to adequate housing; context for the 2024 rise in homelessness, the first in over a decade.

The Action Plan for Preventing Homelessness in Finland 2016-2019: The Culmination of an Integrated Strategy to End Homelessness? (Pleace, European Journal of Homelessness 11(2), 2017)

Strategy review of Finland's 2016-2019 Action Plan for Preventing Homelessness, the third stage of the national strategy, set against the Housing First programmes Paavo I and II that preceded it.

Finding a Better Frame: How to Create More Effective Messages on Homelessness in the United Kingdom

Communications research from the FrameWorks Institute, sponsored by Crisis, on how the UK public thinks about homelessness, drawn from expert interviews, cultural-models and on-the-street interviews, and media and sector materials. It finds that individualism (seeing a person's circumstances as shaped by willpower, character and choices) undermines support for systems-level solutions, and offers initial recommendations for a more systems-oriented story, which the report says later work will test.

Compulsory care of individuals with severe substance use disorders and alcohol- and drug-related mortality: A Swedish registry study

Swedish national-registry study of 25,125 adults assessed for substance use severity (1999-2019) linking compulsory care to mortality records. It found admission to compulsory care associated with higher substance-use-related mortality, with each 100 days raising the odds of death by roughly 41 to 48 percent.

Homeless people 2024 (Report 2/2025)

Official Finnish national homelessness statistics report ('Homeless people 2024,' Report 2/2025, published 10 Feb 2025), the primary source behind the widely cited 2024 Finland Housing First figures. Counts based on a municipal survey to the review date of 15 November 2024 using the EU ETHOS Light definition.

Pleace et al. 2019 — Housing First in Europe: An Overview of Implementation, Strategy and Fidelity

Authoritative European synthesis defining Housing First as an intensive support model for people with high and complex needs (distinct from rapid rehousing), documenting widespread variation in fidelity ('programme drift') and that HF cannot be the sole response to homelessness.

At Home/Chez Soi National Final Report (Housing First trial)

The final report of the world's largest randomized trial of Housing First, following over 2,000 people experiencing homelessness and mental illness over two years across five Canadian cities, a foundational evidence base cited in US homelessness policy debates.

Sphere Handbook (Interactive Handbook)

The Sphere Handbook online, the humanitarian sector's minimum standards for emergency response, including water, sanitation, and hygiene benchmarks such as roughly one toilet per 20 people and a 3:1 female-to-male toilet ratio.

UNHCR Emergency Handbook

Homepage of UNHCR's Emergency Handbook, 'a UNHCR guide to agile, effective and community based humanitarian emergency responses,' with sections on preparedness, protection, emergency assistance (including water, sanitation and hygiene), coordination and staffing.

Varke (formerly ARA) — Statistics

Finnish state housing agency statistics portal (formerly ARA, now Varke) providing annual homelessness data from the national housing market survey, including the "Homeless people" yearly reports; Finland has tracked homelessness annually since the 1980s.

Homeless people 2023 (Report 2/2024)

Finland's annual homelessness report for 2023 (Report 2/2024), tracking the long decline: homelessness down about 80% since 1986 and long-term homelessness down about 70% between 2008 and 2023.

Centre for Public Impact — Eradicating Homelessness in Finland (Housing First)

Case study (January 2019) of Finland's Housing First / PAAVO programmes, reporting that long-term homelessness fell 33.3 percent, from 3,600 in 2008 to 2,400 in 2015, drawing on ARA's annual homelessness reports.

How Finland lowered homelessness by 75%

Good Good Good explainer (Meghan Cook, April 2025) on Finland's Housing First model as a durable international comparator, with figures on its homelessness reduction since 2008.

Exploring the Effect of Case Management in Homelessness per Components: A Systematic Review of Effectiveness and Implementation, with Meta-analysis and Thematic Synthesis

Campbell systematic review, meta-analysis, and thematic synthesis (DOI 10.1002/cl2.1329) that unpacks case management for people experiencing homelessness by its component parts, assessing which elements drive effectiveness and how they are implemented. Funded by the UK Centre for Homelessness Impact.

Openresearch Amsterdam - Homelessness research collection

Curated collection on the City of Amsterdam's open research platform that gathers Dutch homelessness policy, measurement and evidence in English: the ETHOS European typology, Housing First Netherlands, Amsterdam's counts and shelter waiting lists, the 'A new start' 2021-2025 program, the 2023-2026 strengthened approach, and Utrecht longitudinal work on repeat homelessness. It is a usable comparator for anyone arguing about how homelessness is defined and counted, because the Dutch system counts economic homelessness and shelter waiting lists that the U.S. point-in-time count leaves out. Confirmed by WebSearch on the exact URL and page title, plus a direct fetch of the sibling ETHOS page on the same platform; the collection page itself returns HTTP 401 to WebFetch.

Housing First Europe Hub

European network (52 partners across 24 countries in Europe and beyond) promoting the Housing First model to end homelessness, providing guides, fidelity and evaluation tools, training, and systems-change research.

Institute of Global Homelessness (IGH)

DePaul University initiative serving as a global knowledge hub on homelessness, providing standardized definitions, a global data map, and a topical resource hub connecting practitioners, researchers, and policymakers worldwide.

Mental Health Commission of Canada (MHCC)

Canada's national mental health body, home to landmark Housing First research and ongoing work on homelessness, criminal-justice intersections, and the social determinants of mental health.

At Home/Chez Soi Housing First Project

The world's largest randomized controlled trial of Housing First for people experiencing homelessness with mental illness, conducted across five Canadian cities. A foundational evidence base cited in Housing First vs Treatment First policy debates, including current U.S. debate.

Housing First Policy: Finland

Policy profile of Finland's national Housing First program (launched 2008), commonly cited for the long-term homelessness reduction figure used as an international comparator for U.S. Housing First debates.

International Journal on Homelessness (IJOH)

Open-access, peer-reviewed academic journal (ISSN 2564-310X) publishing international research on homelessness prevention, interventions, specific populations, lived experience, and epidemiology; indexed in DOAJ, EBSCO, and Erudit.

Y-Foundation (Y-Saatio) — Housing First in Finland

Key Finnish Housing First implementer documenting Finland's homelessness trajectory and the recent reversal, attributing the 2024-2025 increase to economic uncertainty, rising rents and housing costs, benefit cuts, and municipal cost-cutting that reduced housing support, while restating the research evidence that Housing First works.

Los Angeles Municipal Code Sec. 41.18: Sitting, Lying, or Sleeping or Storing, Using, Maintaining, or Placing Personal Property in the Public Right-of-Way

Full text of Los Angeles Municipal Code Section 41.18 on American Legal Publishing's code library, which bars sitting, lying, sleeping, or storing personal property where it obstructs the public right-of-way, and, in areas the City Council designates and posts, within up to 500 feet of sensitive sites such as parks and libraries.

Oklahoma HB 1764

BillTrack50 tracking page for Oklahoma HB 1764 (2025), which expands the anti-camping ban to county and city land, keeps the $50/15-day penalty, requires a warning, bars citing first-time violators who accept help, lets localities opt out, and was marked dead in 2026.

Denver Resolution 22-0072: Second Amendatory Agreement with Colorado Village Collaborative (Safe Outdoor Spaces)

Denver City Council resolution 22-0072, adopted February 7, 2022, approving a Second Amendatory Agreement with Colorado Village Collaborative that added $3,900,000, for a new total of $4,799,569, and extended the contract to December 31, 2022, to provide at least four Safe Outdoor Space (SOS) sites with amenities and services citywide (HOST-202161622-2).

Tenn. Code § 39-14-414

FindLaw state-code page for Tenn. Code 39-14-414, the Equal Access to Public Property Act; a person is not guilty of the Class E felony unless an official responsible for the property notified them that camping is prohibited and they continued or returned within 24 hours.

HB 978 - Tennessee (112th) - Plural: Criminal Offenses, as enacted

Plural Policy bill record for Tennessee House Bill 978 (SB 1610, 2021-2022 session), as enacted: it extends the state's existing Class E felony for camping on state-owned land (the Equal Access to Public Property Act of 2012) to all public property, and creates a Class C misdemeanor, punishable by a $50 fine and community service, for camping along a state or interstate highway or under a highway bridge or overpass. Effective July 1, 2022.

City of LA Homelessness Spending Dashboard

LA City Controller's interactive homelessness dashboard tracking the FY25-26 budget and funding sources, 41,187 permanent supportive housing units and 18,343 interim beds by council district (2026), plus performance metrics and maps.

Metro Denver Homeless Initiative (MDHI) — Data

Seven-county Continuum of Care lead publishing HMIS/Point-in-Time data, State of Homelessness reports, and dashboards for Metro Denver. Data axis only.

DHS Daily Report (NYC shelter census)

Daily counts of individuals and families in the NYC Department of Homeless Services shelter system, a widely cited near-real-time municipal homelessness indicator. Available via download and the SODA API for the dataset id k46n-sa2m.

Missouri HB 1606—Explaining The State's Homelessness Reform

Cicero Institute research page defending Missouri's HB 1606 homelessness reform, framing it as balancing expanded services (safe parking, sanctioned camping, tiny homes) with enforcement, while barring state funds for the construction of permanent supportive housing and allowing performance bonuses tied to outcomes.

The Economic Footprint Of Homelessness In Metro Denver

Common Sense Institute report (FY2020 spending) estimating metro Denver spends at least $481.2 million a year on homelessness ($434M in the city alone), or roughly $41,679 to $104,201 per person experiencing homelessness in the City of Denver, exceeding Denver Public Schools per-pupil spending.

Cost of Homelessness: Cost Analysis of Permanent Supportive Housing, State of Maine - Greater Portland (2007)

Phase One (Greater Portland) of Maine's cost-of-homelessness study, which the report calls the first completed in a rural state using actual dollars spent on services; it compares 99 formerly homeless people's service costs in the year before and the year after entering permanent supportive housing, across housing types.

The 2023 Point-in-Time Count

ECHO (Ending Community Homelessness Coalition) report on the 2023 Austin/Travis County Point-in-Time Count (January 28, 2023), which identified 2,374 people experiencing homelessness on a single night: 1,266 unsheltered and 1,108 sheltered.

Where We Sleep: Costs when Homeless and Housed in Los Angeles (Economic Roundtable, 2009)

Economic Roundtable's November 2009 study, underwritten by the Los Angeles Homeless Services Authority, comparing public costs for people in supportive housing with similar people who were homeless, across 10,193 homeless individuals in Los Angeles County, most of them General Relief recipients.

Florida's Council on Homelessness Annual Report, Submitted June 2025

Florida Council on Homelessness 2025 Annual Report, submitted to the Governor on June 30, 2025 as state law requires, with Point-in-Time data, policy recommendations and DCF Office on Homelessness funding by Continuum of Care; hosted as document 64946 at myflfamilies.com.

A Bridge Home Venice Beach

Housing Innovation Collaborative deal profile of A Bridge Home Venice Beach, reporting an operating cost of $60 per bed per night (about $22,000 per bed per year) and a $56,000 per-bed development cost for its 154 beds.

House Bill 5 Would Cost Kentucky More Than $1 Billion Over a Decade

Kentucky Center for Economic Policy projection (Feb. 2024) that HB 5 would cost the state more than $1 billion over the next decade in increased incarceration, including over $800 million from expanded violent-offender sentencing and $311-$545 million from a felony fleeing/evading enhancement.

One Year Of House Bill 5: Hundreds of Unhoused Kentuckians Have Been Cited for 'Unlawful Camping'

Kentucky Center for Economic Policy analysis of the first year of HB 5's unlawful-camping ban: 425 citations filed across 30 counties (July 2024-July 2025), most first offenses, with fines up to $250 plus court costs (around $140) that can compound past $2,300 for repeat defendants.

Interim Housing Bed Rate Adjustment for Transitional Aged Youth (LA CAO report, C.F. 23-1348-S1)

Los Angeles City Administrative Officer report (council file 23-1348-S1, May 2025) recommending interim-housing bed rates for Transitional Aged Youth sites from July 1, 2025: $116 per bed per night at sites of 50 beds or fewer and $89 at larger sites, matching the single-adult rates. The six City-funded TAY sites (118 beds) would cost an estimated $4.4M in FY 2025-26, up $1.67M.

Interim Housing Bed Rates Adjustment for Families (LA CAO report, C.F. 23-1348)

Los Angeles City Administrative Officer report (council file 23-1348, dated April 2, 2025) recommending interim-housing rates for family sites from July 1, 2025: $135 per unit per night at sites with 15 or more units and $169 at sites with 14 or fewer, built on the same formula as the single-adult rates.

Interim Housing Bed Rates Adjustment Supplemental Report (LA CAO, C.F. 23-1348)

Los Angeles City Administrative Officer supplemental report (Dec. 6, 2024) on interim-housing bed rates: from a $55 base, the CAO's October 2024 proposal of $79/$69 per bed per night for January 1, 2025 and the Council-approved $116/$89 for July 1, 2025 (sites of 50 beds or fewer / 51 or more), with an option of an $80 flat rate from January 1, 2025 costing about $13.3M.

Alternative Shelter Evaluation Report (Portland State University HRAC)

Portland State University evaluation for Multnomah County's Joint Office of Homeless Services (March 2024) comparing alternative shelter models, with operating and capital cost-per-unit tables and exit rates: roughly $20,386 congregate, $30,927 village, and $43,401 motel per year per unit.

The Cost of Long-Term Homelessness in Central Florida (2014), summary

Summary of the 2014 Central Florida report, attributed on the page to Rethink Homelessness, that priced the public cost of 107 chronically homeless people against supportive housing. The report itself is linked but not held here; the per-person figures are the source of one widely repeated national talking point.

All Chicago — Homelessness Facts (Myth vs. Fact)

Myth-vs-fact page pairing common misconceptions with sourced local data (Point-in-Time counts, housing wage) from the Chicago Continuum of Care lead body. Explainer axis; a clean myth-vs-fact layout template.

CalMatters — California's Homelessness Crisis Explained

Standing, updated, sourced homelessness explainer from a nonpartisan nonprofit newsroom; a best-in-class out-of-market format template for a maintained crisis explainer.

Destination: Home — Understanding Homelessness (Myth vs Fact / By the Numbers)

Santa Clara County anti-homelessness charity pairing a Myth vs Fact page with a By the Numbers data explainer, with a structural-causes framing.

Florida's New Homeless Law One Year Later: Has It Made a Difference?

Medium analysis citing the Florida Council on Homelessness 2025 Annual Report, which showed unsheltered homelessness falling 19.1% (16,868 in 2024 to 13,647 in 2025) after the camping ban, while warning displacement, not solutions, may explain it amid a 435,000-unit rental shortage.

2025 Legislative Session Recap (Empower Missouri)

Empower Missouri recap of the 2025 Missouri legislative session (published May 20, 2025), reviewing what passed and what stalled in its affordable-housing, community-justice and food-security priorities.

A Village Under One Roof

Kolumn Magazine feature on Avivo Village, the 100-unit indoor tiny-home shelter in a converted Minneapolis warehouse; notes an estimated $8M pilot cost, $4.5M annual operations, and $1.6M in one-time 2025 city general-fund support for stabilization.

Everything you need to know about homelessness in Texas (Texas Tribune, December 23, 2019)

Nonpartisan nonprofit newsroom's December 2019 homelessness explainer, part of its 'Homeless in Texas' series; an explainer-desk format model (alongside CalMatters). No directory.

CalMatters

Nonpartisan nonprofit California newsroom with standing, sourced homelessness/housing-cost explainers in its 'CalMatters Explains' series. Best out-of-market explainer-desk template; statewide (California) scope.

NYC Open Data Portal

New York City's free public data catalog, with thousands of datasets published by city agencies and accessible through the Socrata (SODA) API. The catalog is browsable by agency (e.g., Department of Homeless Services, Human Resources Administration) and by category (Social Services, Housing & Development).

NYC Open Data – Social Services category

Category landing page collecting NYC datasets related to homeless services, public assistance, SNAP/cash assistance enrollment, and social-service facilities, useful as a model for how a city publishes social-determinant data.

Our History

Coalition for the Homeless timeline of its programs and litigation since 1979, including the 1981 Callahan v. Carey consent decree that established a legal right to shelter in New York City, its extension to women in 1982, and the 2008 settlement ensuring it for families with children.

The Callahan Legacy: Callahan v. Carey and the Legal Right to Shelter

Coalition for the Homeless history of the 1979 class action that established a legal right to shelter for homeless men in New York City, and the consent decree and later cases that followed.

Why Are So Many People Homeless?

Coalition for the Homeless explainer tracing modern homelessness in New York City to the loss of single-room housing and the state's deinstitutionalization policy.

Missouri Supreme Court strikes down law creating penalty for unauthorized sleeping on state-owned land

Municipal law firm analysis (Cunningham, Vogel & Rost) of Byrd v. State of Missouri, explaining how the Missouri Supreme Court struck down HB 1606 in full, voiding Section 67.2300's penalty for unauthorized sleeping on state land for violating the single-subject rule.

1811 Eastlake JAMA study info (Larimer et al. 2009, DESC)

Information sheet on the 1811 Eastlake JAMA study of public-cost savings from housing chronically homeless persons with severe alcohol problems without an abstinence requirement.

Eden Village Springfield - Tiny-home community for the chronically homeless

Site of Eden Village Springfield, billed as America's first master-planned manufactured tiny-home community for chronically homeless and disabled people; opened August 2018 in a gated Springfield, Missouri neighborhood with a community center and shared services.

Eden Village of Kansas City - Gated tiny-home community for the chronically homeless

Eden Village of Kansas City, a gated, fingerprint-access tiny-home community for chronically homeless and disabled adults run by Three Dog Night Charities, pairing permanent housing with volunteer-staffed support and a community center.

First Step Communities - Sacramento shelter and interim housing operator

Site of First Step Communities, a Sacramento nonprofit running emergency shelter and interim housing including the North A Street campus, The Grove youth cabins, Roseville Road campus, and the 175-bed Stockton Blvd Safe Stay.

Public Sleeping and Camping (Florida Association of Counties)

Florida Association of Counties resource hub on HB 1365, the state public-camping law, with bill text, DCF certification and compliance materials, example county ordinances, and an FAQ; the law lets counties designate camping sites and bars public sleeping elsewhere, enforceable by lawsuit.

MRSC - Homelessness Prevention & Assistance Programs

MRSC's overview of homelessness in Washington State for local governments: prevention and assistance programs, shelter and housing options, state cost-per-exit data, county planning and regional coordination, with links to its pages on encampment regulation and its Homelessness and Housing Toolkit for Cities.

Byrd v. Missouri

Public Citizen litigation page for Byrd v. Missouri, the taxpayer suit it filed in 2022 with Legal Services of Eastern Missouri challenging HB 1606; the Missouri Supreme Court reversed a trial court and invalidated the statute for violating the single-subject rule. Case now closed.

San Diego Housing Commission — Agreement with Jewish Family Service to Operate a Safe Parking Program (November 7, 2025)

San Diego Housing Commission presentation to its Board of Commissioners (November 7, 2025) on a proposed $563,350 agreement with Jewish Family Service to run a new safe-parking program for at least 40 families experiencing homelessness at the former Central Elementary campus in City Heights, covering the site, services and funding sources.

Chicago Housing for Health Partnership: effect of a housing program on hospital use (summary of the Sadowski 2009 paper)

Summary page for the Chicago randomized trial of housing and case management for chronically ill homeless adults, linking the JAMA 2009 outcomes paper. Useful as a finding aid; the figures should be taken from the primary paper.

The Culhane Report: Public Service Reductions Associated with Placement of Homeless Persons with Severe Mental Illness in Supportive Housing (2002), summary

Summary of Culhane, Metraux and Hadley's 2002 Housing Policy Debate study tracking the public service use of 4,679 homeless New Yorkers with severe mental illness from 1989 to 1997 before and after placement in NY/NY supportive housing. The page links the full paper as a PDF and carries the headline figures.

2020 Minneapolis Park Encampments

Wikipedia article on the 2020 Minneapolis park encampments, officially sanctioned from June 2020 to January 2021 amid COVID and unrest after George Floyd's murder; Powderhorn Park grew to about 560 tents, and the city spent $713,856 on services, roughly $1M total.

A Bridge Home Venice Beach

Wikipedia entry on A Bridge Home Venice Beach, an LA interim shelter with 154 beds that cost $8.6 million to build and about $3.4 million a year to operate. It ran from 2020 to 2024 and served about 772 people, about 211 of whom moved into permanent housing.

Education of Children and Youth Experiencing Homelessness: data summary SY 2021-22 to 2023-24

NCHE data summary (February 2026) of public-school-identified children and youth experiencing homelessness under the McKinney-Vento EHCY program, school years 2021-22 to 2023-24.

Sclar, "Homelessness and Housing Policy: A Game of Musical Chairs," AJPH 80

Sclar's 1990 editorial in the American Journal of Public Health (80(9):1039-40) framing homelessness and housing policy with the musical-chairs image for homelessness and housing policy, accompanying a study of homeless versus housed families in Los Angeles (DOI 10.2105/AJPH.80.9.1039).

Attorney General Bonta Files Lawsuit Challenging Trump Administration's Latest Attempt to Divert Funding Away from Permanent Supportive Housing Projects, Putting Thousands at Risk of Homelessness

California DOJ press release announcing a multistate coalition - 21 attorneys general (20 states and the District of Columbia) plus the governors of Kentucky and Pennsylvania - suing HUD to block the FY2026 Continuum of Care notice's ~$1.3 billion set-aside for transitional housing and supportive service-only projects, a de facto cap on permanent housing.

Attorney General Bonta Opposes Trump Administration's Effort to Remove Rules Protecting Americans from Housing Discrimination

Press release announcing a comment letter from a coalition of 21 attorneys general (20 states and the District of Columbia) opposing HUD's proposed repeal of the 2012 and 2016 Equal Access Rules, which would require shelters with shared sleeping and bathing facilities to place people by sex instead of gender identity.

Mayor Gloria Secures Council Approval to Move Forward with H Barracks Safe Parking Site

San Diego press release announcing council approval to move forward with the H Barracks safe-parking site, providing about 190 spaces for people living in vehicles, with the cost not disclosed.

HHS — Secretary Kennedy Announces New Funding for Mental Illness, Addiction, Homelessness

HHS press release announcing $700M+ in mental-illness/addiction/homelessness funding including the STREETS NOFO, framed as part of the Great American Recovery Initiative.

HHS: Secretary Kennedy Announces $100M Great American Recovery Initiative (STREETS)

HHS press release (Feb 2, 2026) announcing a $100 million investment in the Great American Recovery Initiative (GARI), with the STREETS Initiative (Safety Through Recovery, Engagement, and Evidence-based Treatment and Supports) as the homelessness-focused component connecting homeless/addicted individuals to recovery-focused housing.

HHS Awards Over $96 Million to Strengthen Mental Health, Suicide Prevention, and Substance Use Disorder Services

Award announcement whose largest single line is PATH, the federal formula program that pays for street outreach and services for people with serious mental illness who are homeless. Primary source for current PATH funding.

HUD press release 26-037 — 2025 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report

HUD's release of the January 2025 point-in-time count, framed by the current administration as evidence Housing First failed. Carries both the counts and the beds/spending growth pairing the policy fight now runs on.

ONDCP, HHS, and HUD Launch First-Ever 'Treatment First' Toolkit to Combat Homelessness and Addiction

Joint federal announcement of the Best Practices Toolkit: Addressing Homelessness and Addiction Through Treatment First, the named artifact of the federal shift away from Housing First. Primary source for the toolkit's framing and authorship.

2023 CoC GIS Toolkits

GIS mapping toolkits for Continuums of Care to map homelessness, housing inventory, and population data within their geography for planning and resource targeting.

New CoC Performance Profiles and Other Data Resources

HUD announcement and access point for Continuum of Care Performance Profiles, which summarize each CoC's homelessness system performance and related data resources.

HUD No. 26-038 — HUD Overhauls Federal Homelessness Assistance (FY2026 CoC NOFO)

HUD press release announcing the FY2026 Continuum of Care NOFO making $4.04 billion available, including a $1.3 billion investment in new projects with priority for Transitional Housing and Supportive Services Only projects, and signaling a move away from Housing First toward treatment/recovery/self-sufficiency.

Appellate Court Agrees with Government that Supervised Injection Sites are Illegal under Federal Law; Reverses District Court Ruling

DOJ Office of Public Affairs press release on the Third Circuit ruling in US v. Safehouse, which held that supervised injection sites are illegal under the Controlled Substances Act's bar on knowingly maintaining a place for illegal drug use.

HUD and VA Announce Funding to Support Over 2,500 Homeless Veterans

HUD press release (HUD No. 26-052) announcing a joint HUD and VA award of new HUD-VASH vouchers to house homeless veterans, a Housing First voucher program continuing to be funded amid the broader federal turn toward treatment-conditioned assistance.

HUD Makes $193 Million Available to Address Youth Homelessness

HUD press release opening a $193 million funding opportunity to prevent and end youth homelessness through housing-focused solutions, combining youth homelessness response systems and transitional housing with supportive services.

Hearing Wrap Up: Federally Funded Homelessness Services Are Rife with Fraud and Failure

Majority committee wrap-up (September 16, 2026) of a September 15 hearing by the Subcommittee on Delivering on Government Efficiency examining federally funded homelessness services. Partisan framing; useful as the primary record that the Housing First debate reached a congressional hearing, and as the roster of who testified.

Collaborate, Don't Criminalize: How Communities Can Effectively and Humanely Address Homelessness

U.S. Interagency Council on Homelessness commentary (Oct. 2022) arguing criminalizing homelessness is costly and ineffective. Cites that 72% of cities have camping bans, enforcement can cost three times more than housing, and one city saved $2.4 million while housing 1,000 people in a year via Housing First.

Coordinating Your Way Home in Houston

U.S. Interagency Council on Homelessness profile of Houston's "The Way Home," the TX-700 Continuum of Care, whose Coordinated Access system rolled out in January 2014 across Harris, Fort Bend, and Montgomery counties (then 2,600+ sq mi), led by the Coalition for the Homeless, prioritizing permanent supportive housing via a single community waitlist.

Chairman Scott, Ranking Member Warren Release Bill Text Ahead of Senate Consideration of the 21st Century ROAD to Housing Act

Senate Banking Committee press release (March 2, 2026) from Chairman Scott and Ranking Member Warren releasing updated bill text and a section-by-section for the bipartisan 21st Century ROAD to Housing Act; Scott says it cuts red tape and expands supply with no new spending, Warren that it takes a first step to rein in corporate landlords. It builds on work that passed the committee 24-0.

Joint Office of Homeless Services: Sustained focus on shelter system needed to address unmet needs

Portland City Auditor's April 2024 audit of the Joint Office of Homeless Services, finding shelters generally full with long waitlists, no centralized adult entry, and only 25% of 2022-23 shelter exits leading to permanent housing.

City of St. Louis Completes Expansion of Jefferson Spaces Tiny Homes Transitional Housing Project, Doubling Number of Units Available to Assist Unhoused

St. Louis press release that the city used $1.2M in American Rescue Plan funds to double its Jefferson Spaces tiny-homes transitional housing from 50 to 100 units, operated by the Magdala Foundation, which has moved 160 residents into permanent supportive housing since 2021.

Bill seeks $75 million to help preserve Ramsey County's homeless prevention efforts

Minnesota House article on bill HF1686, sponsored by Rep. Athena Hollins, which would appropriate $37.5M annually (about $75M total) to Ramsey County's Heading Home continuum of care, funding a 100-bed family shelter and credited with raising housing placement from about 3% to 66%.

Governor Abbott, Attorney General Paxton: Public Camping Ban Must Be Enforced

Office of the Texas Governor press release (Sept. 9, 2021) in which Gov. Abbott and AG Paxton press cities to enforce the HB 1925 public-camping ban, warning of litigation and loss of state grant funds, and citing over $358 million federal plus $52.9 million state homelessness funding available.

Stockton Blvd Safe Stay Community Shelter Opens

Sacramento County announcement that its third and largest Safe Stay shelter opened on Stockton Blvd with 155 tiny homes (135 single, 20 double) adding about 175 beds, run by First Step Communities with $17.6M in state Encampment Resolution Funding.

Criminalization And Forced Treatment Undermine Real Solutions To Homelessness (Health Affairs Forefront)

Health Affairs Forefront commentary by Kyle Moon, Leah Robinson, Craig Evan Pollack and Sabriya L. Linton, published August 11, 2025, arguing that criminalization and forced or coerced treatment undermine real solutions to homelessness, and that the evidence-based alternative remains permanent housing paired with voluntary, accessible services. DOI 10.1377/forefront.20250806.252632, which is the durable identifier: the page carries no rel=canonical and its own og:url still declares the older /do/10.1377/forefront.20250806.252632/full/ form, so both path forms resolve.

Trump Order to Criminalize Homelessness Sparks Alarm

Penn LDI research update on Executive Order 14321 criminalizing unsheltered homelessness, warning the order misidentifies the cause. It cites Dennis Culhane's view that the main driver is a shortage of affordable housing and that only 4 to 10 percent of Philadelphia's unhoused population sleeps on the street.

Trump's Homelessness Order Sparks Fears of a Return to the Asylum Era

Penn LDI expert analysis of Executive Order 14321, arguing it greatly expands involuntary psychiatric commitment of unhoused people and removes judicial constraints that have limited institutional confinement since deinstitutionalization.

University of Chicago News - One in ten young adults experience homelessness during one year, Chapin Hall finds

The University of Chicago's November 2017 write-up of Chapin Hall's Voices of Youth Count national survey, the study behind the youth-homelessness prevalence figures that are still widely cited. It reports 1 in 10 young adults aged 18 to 25 (about 3.5 million) and at least 1 in 30 adolescents aged 13 to 17 (at least 700,000) experiencing some form of homelessness in a year, drawn from a survey of more than 26,000 respondents. The finding that matters most for a rural region: rural rates were essentially the same as urban, 9.2 percent against 9.6 percent for young adults.

New Study Delivers Comprehensive Snapshot of US Homeless Population's Economic Well-Being

UChicago Harris press summary of the Meyer et al. linked-data homelessness study, characterizing the employment and earnings findings in rounded, plain-language terms. Source of the '$2,000/$12,000' distributional paraphrase (a summary, not paper text).

Ending homelessness among people with mental illness: the At Home/Chez Soi randomized trial of a Housing First intervention in Toronto

BMC Public Health paper (2012) from the Toronto site of At Home/Chez Soi, a randomized controlled trial of Housing First for homeless people with mental illness in five Canadian cities. It describes how the Toronto site recruited 575 participants and engaged the community, and reports their baseline characteristics; it reports no housing or substance-use outcomes.

Overturned Pueblo syringe service program ban may have affected access to other harm reduction services for people who use drugs, ColoradoSPH research team finds

ColoradoSPH at CU Anschutz news story on a study finding that a short-lived, overturned 2024 ban on Pueblo, Colorado's free syringe service program may have chilled use of the programs' other harm-reduction services, such as participant visits and naloxone kits, while syringe distribution rose after the ban ended.

Covering the Unhoused (UCLA Blueprint, Spring 2024)

Journalist Jon Regardie's account of how Los Angeles media coverage of homelessness grew from occasional holiday stories to a sustained crisis beat.

UCSF Benioff Homelessness and Housing Initiative — CASPEH statewide study findings

Findings from the 2023 California Statewide Study of People Experiencing Homelessness (CASPEH), the largest representative survey of homeless adults since the 1990s, with authoritative mental-health and substance-use prevalence data. (Scope: California statewide; widely cited nationally.)

UCSF Benioff Homelessness and Housing Initiative — Aging findings press release

Press release on aging findings from the California Statewide Study of People Experiencing Homelessness (CASPEH), the largest representative study of homelessness since the 1990s. Documents age of first homelessness episode among older adults.

In Search of Shelter: The Growing Shortage of Affordable Rental Housing

Center on Budget and Policy Priorities report (1998) tracing the growing shortage of affordable rental housing, documenting the shift from a roughly 300,000-unit surplus of affordable units around 1970 to a widening national shortage.

CEO Corner, Week of March 3, 2026 (National Alliance to End Homelessness)

Weekly blog update from National Alliance to End Homelessness CEO Ann Oliva (March 3, 2026) reporting that a federal court denied HUD's emergency motion to end the preliminary injunction blocking its December 2025 Continuum of Care funding notice, and that HUD appealed the following Monday.

Coalition Challenges Latest Efforts to Politicize Homelessness Funding Grants (NAEH release, June 22, 2026)

NAEH press release announcing the June 22, 2026 supplemental filing in NAEH et al v. Turner et al (D.R.I.) asking the court to stop implementation of HUD's FY2026 Continuum of Care NOFO.

Court Finds Trump-Vance Administration Violated Law In Rush to Politicize Housing Grants

NAEH release on the March 31, 2026 ruling in which the U.S. District Court for Rhode Island found HUD and Secretary Scott Turner violated the law through a 'slapdash imposition of political whims,' vacating the reissued Continuum of Care Builds notice of funding opportunity and its new political criteria, in a suit brought by NAEH and Women's Development Corporation.

Court Vacates Unlawful Funding Criteria for Solutions to Homelessness (NAEH news release)

NAEH's June 2026 release on the D.R.I. summary-judgment ruling (National Alliance to End Homelessness v. HUD, 1:25-cv-00636) that set aside HUD's November and December 2025 CoC NOFOs as APA violations. Frames the fight over conditioning homelessness funding on non-Housing-First priorities.

NAEH CEO Corner: Week of June 22, 2026

NAEH CEO commentary on the June 22, 2026 supplemental complaint against the FY2026 CoC NOFO and the Alliance's forward hedge in FY2027 appropriations. Documents the December 1, 2026 award-by trigger NAEH is asking Congress to write into law.

The FY 2026 NOFO Is Vacated (CEO Corner, week of Aug 11, 2026)

NAEH's account of the U.S. District Court for the District of Rhode Island setting aside HUD's FY2026 Continuum of Care Notice of Funding Opportunity and its deadlines in full on August 7, 2026, while declining a permanent injunction. Frames what the vacatur means for CoC grantees and the 97,000 people NAEH says it protects.

Update on the 2026 CoC NOFO

September 22, 2026 explainer from the National Alliance to End Homelessness on the state of the FY2026 Continuum of Care competition after the First Circuit stayed the August 7 vacatur. It records HUD's September 18 reopening of the NOFO with a September 30 deadline and the coalition's September 22 emergency motion asking the appeals court to reach unresolved claims and halt the NOFO before awards, and urges the field to comment on HUD's set-aside research justification.

Study Shows Involuntary Displacement of People Experiencing Homelessness May Cause Significant Spikes in Mortality, Overdoses and Hospitalizations

National Health Care for the Homeless Council press release (April 10, 2023) summarizing a JAMA modeling study of people experiencing homelessness who inject drugs in 23 U.S. cities, finding that involuntary displacement (sweeps, bans, move-along orders) may cause significant spikes in mortality, overdoses, and hospitalizations.

NLIHC Out of Reach 2025 - High Cost of Housing

NLIHC The Connection item (July 18, 2025) announcing Out of Reach 2025, the annual report documenting the 'Housing Wage' - the hourly wage a full-time worker must earn to afford a modest rental at HUD Fair Market Rent without spending over 30% of income, with state, metro, and county detail.

Court Temporarily Blocks Administration's Attempt to Implement Unlawful Housing Policy

NLIHC release on the December 19, 2025 preliminary injunction in National Alliance to End Homelessness et al. v. HUD, which temporarily blocked the administration's restrictions on Continuum of Care homelessness funding. Lists the plaintiff coalition of nonprofits and local governments.

NLIHC - Trump Administration CoC Funding Notice Cuts Permanent Housing Funding (170,000 at risk)

NLIHC analysis of the FY2025 CoC NOFO's 30% cap on permanent housing (permanent supportive housing and rapid rehousing), down from approximately 87% of CoC funds, putting as many as 170,000 people who rely on CoC assistance at risk of returning to homelessness.

Gov. Stein vetoes HB 437 'unauthorized camping' homeless ban

NC Newsline report that Gov. Josh Stein on July 8, 2026 vetoed House Bill 437, which would have barred 'unauthorized' public camping and allowed people to be removed from streets and public spaces; Stein called it an unfunded mandate on local governments and Republican legislative leaders pledged an override.

Wake County putting $22 million into homelessness and encampments initiative

Wake County's Wake at Home initiative blends county, private and local financing into an 18-month push to house unsheltered people and prevent homelessness. A service-based North Carolina county response to encampments, running alongside the state's enforcement-first camping legislation.

"Deinstitutionalization" special report

PBS Frontline special report excerpting E. Fuller Torrey on deinstitutionalization, reporting that public psychiatric hospital populations fell from about 558,239 in 1955 to 71,619 by 1994, with many former patients ending up in jails and on the streets.

$150 million in untracked spending by Denver's homeless shelters, reveals audit

9News coverage (November 21, 2024) of a Denver Auditor's audit finding the Department of Housing Stability could not provide a financial breakdown of nearly $150 million in shelter spending from January 2022 through March 2024, along with security and grievance-policy gaps at city-funded shelters.

Court Blocks New Restrictions That Threaten Proven Solutions to Homelessness

ACLU of Rhode Island release on the December 19, 2025 preliminary injunction blocking the administration's HUD funding restrictions, which would have shifted Continuum of Care resources away from permanent supportive housing.

CoC Funding Shift Threatens Housing for 170,000 Households

Affordable Housing Finance trade report (Nov. 24, 2025) on the HUD CoC funding shift away from permanent supportive housing, framing the at-risk count as 170,000 households (per CSH; the story also quotes NLIHC's 'approximately 170,000 formerly homeless people') and noting impacts on LIHTC-layered deals.

Tennessee becomes first state to charge felony for public camping

Affordable Housing Online news article on Tennessee's 2022 SB 1610/HB 978, the first state law making camping on public land a felony (up to 6 years, $3,000 fine, lost voting rights); passed over 300 faith groups' opposition and became law without the governor's signature.

Repeal of County Ordinance, After Federal Court Injunction, Allows Harm Reduction Programs in Lewis County to Resume

ACLU press release on Lewis County, Washington repealing its ordinance after a federal injunction found it likely violated the ADA and Rehabilitation Act; the settlement reinstates Gather Church's mobile syringe program and pays $500,000 in fees.

Sacramento Opens New Homeless Camp With Multimillion-Dollar Price Tag

American Greatness news story on Sacramento's River District safe-camping site for up to 125 people: about $2.5 million to build ($20,000 per space) and roughly $1.2 million per year to operate (about $9,600 per bed), offering tents, cots, showers, and 24-hour security.

Laws banning sleeping outdoors criminalize homelessness (Judicial Notebook, Monitor on Psychology)

Monitor on Psychology column (October 1, 2024) on camping bans after Grants Pass v. Johnson (2024), noting the spread of camping-ban laws and reported harms of enforcement (police harassment, citations and arrests), and arguing for alternatives such as homeless courts and basic-income pilots over arrest-based approaches.

Deinstitutionalization Did Not Cause Homelessness: Loss of Low-income Housing and Disability Benefits Did

Behavioral Health News commentary (April 2020) arguing that deinstitutionalization did not cause the 1980s rise in homelessness; rather, the loss of low-income housing and cuts to disability benefits did, offering a counter-narrative to the mental-illness framing.

Georgia Takes a Stand on Homeless Policy

City Journal (Manhattan Institute) commentary by Joe Lonsdale (May 2023) praising Georgia's SB 62, which he says is based on Cicero Institute model legislation that rejects Housing First, bars public camping and ties provider funding to results; SB 62 subjects state- or locally funded providers to performance audits. He frames it as part of a national push against what some call the Homeless Industrial Complex.

Federal Appeals Court Clears the Way for HUD's Continuum of Care Changes

Analysis of the First Circuit's September 16, 2026 ruling that overturned a district court decision and let HUD's modified FY2026 Continuum of Care competition proceed, and of what the more than $4 billion in CoC funding and the shift away from the Housing First model mean for homeless-services providers. Explains the September 30, 2026 application deadline and the December 1, 2026 statutory award deadline.

Update on Federal Litigation Affecting the CoC Program (CT HMIS)

CT HMIS explainer on the state of federal CoC-program litigation as of mid-2026: the June 29 summary-judgment ruling setting aside the FY2025 NOFOs, the denial of a permanent injunction, and the guidance that any FY2026 challenge must proceed as a separate action while the FY2026 competition stays open.

Update on New Lawsuit Challenging FY2026 CoC NOFO (CT HMIS)

CT HMIS tracker post on the separate early-July-2026 lawsuit challenging HUD's FY2026 CoC NOFO, filed in D.R.I. by a coalition of 23 states and D.C. following the court's June 29 decision vacating the FY2025 NOFO. Summarizes the challenged provisions and the relief sought.

Coalition Seeks Court Intervention to Stop the FY2026 NOFO

CoC-operations view (June 23, 2026) of the coalition filing against the FY2026 CoC NOFO: what the challenge means for continuums that must keep applying while the motion is pending. Useful as evidence that no stay existed and CoCs were proceeding on the FY2026 timeline.

Federal Judge Vacates Trump Administration's 2026 Homelessness Funding Plan

Account of Judge Mary S. McElroy's order setting aside HUD's FY2026 Continuum of Care Notice of Funding Opportunity in its entirety for violating the Administrative Procedure Act by skipping the notice-and-comment process that federal homelessness law requires.

Democracy Forward — Court vacates HUD's unlawful CoC funding criteria (NAEH v. HUD)

Litigation counsel's release on the June 2026 federal-court decision vacating HUD's 2025 Continuum of Care funding restrictions on Administrative Procedure Act grounds, in the coalition case led by the National Alliance to End Homelessness.

Denver approves $7.5M to keep Safe Outdoor Spaces through 2024

Denver7 report on the City Council approving $7.525 million (mostly federal ARPA funds) to keep Safe Outdoor Spaces running through 2024, a tent-based shelter alternative run by Colorado Village Collaborative that had served 490 people.

Downtown Denver businesses say revenue losses are mounting as encampments engulf streets around them

Denver7 (KMGH) report on downtown Denver businesses (Mercury Cafe, Triangle Bar, others) saying revenue is falling as homeless encampments grow nearby; one bar's survey found 74% of patrons visit less often, and owners cite safety incidents and blocked entrances.

Denver mayor, auditor clash over $20M in homelessness spending

Denverite report on Auditor Tim O'Brien's 2026 audit of Mayor Mike Johnston's All In Mile High homelessness effort, which found it spent $178.1 million from July 2023 to June 2025, $20 million more than the $158 million city staff had reported, and criticized how the city tracks costs and outcomes.

Newsroom - Drug Policy Alliance

Drug Policy Alliance's newsroom: press releases, statements and blog posts, including an August 14, 2026 statement on the administration's 'Treatment First' plan for addiction and homelessness.

Kansas City Housing Committee calls for details on $4.7M in homeless hotel spending

Fox4 KC reports a Kansas City housing committee calling for details on $4.7M spent on homeless hotel programs, pressing for accountability on how the funds were used and what outcomes resulted.

Lawsuits Are Forcing Cities To Clear Homeless Encampments Even When No Shelter Exists

Invisible People article (July 2025) on a wave of lawsuits, many filed since Grants Pass v. Johnson, pushing cities (Tucson, Phoenix, Dallas) to clear encampments even without shelter, and on a ruling upholding Burien, Washington's camping ban; more than 320 new camping-restriction laws have followed.

US appeals court allows Trump administration to proceed with homelessness program overhaul

Legal news report by Isabella Lewis (September 17, 2026) on the First Circuit staying the district court ruling that had set aside HUD's FY2026 Continuum of Care funding plan, letting the competition proceed while the appeal continues.

HUD wants to overhaul a homelessness response program. North Texas communities are worried

Report from August 13, 2026 on HUD's proposed restructuring of the Continuum of Care program away from Housing First. The CoC is the funding channel that Asheville-Buncombe's own homelessness response runs through, so the same restructuring reaches WNC.

Court Order Pauses HUD Notice of Funding Opportunity

KCRHA update tracking HUD's withdrawal of the FY2025 CoC NOFO and the litigation in NAEH v. HUD (in which King County is a co-plaintiff), including the March 2026 ruling keeping the preliminary injunction in force during HUD's appeal.

Judge blasts city of LA for 'fraud' over safe sleep site funding and capacity numbers

LAist investigation finding LAHSA paid Urban Alchemy $2.3 million a year for 88 spots at the Lincoln Safe Sleep site that ran near half capacity, pushing cost to about $5,300 per person monthly; a federal judge called the gap obvious fraud.

LA's lead homelessness agency sues HUD, challenging suspension of funds

Independent public-radio corroboration of the LAHSA v. HUD suit: confirms the June 11 suspension, which LAHSA says jeopardizes $241M in federal funding, the population served, and HUD's stated rationale of an investigation into alleged mismanagement. Second-source verification for the MyNewsLA account.

HUD Withdraws Controversial Homelessness Funding Opportunity

LeadingAge account of HUD withdrawing its Continuum of Care NOFO on December 8, 2025 amid litigation over a policy that would have shifted funding from permanent supportive housing to transitional housing.

AUDIT: Pathways to Permanent Housing (LA City Controller Kenneth Mejia on X, December 10, 2024)

Post from the Los Angeles City Controller announcing the 'Pathways to Permanent Housing' audit of how well LAHSA and the City moved people from City-funded shelters into permanent housing over fiscal years 2019-2023, with its headline findings, and linking to the audit.

AG Brown wins federal lawsuit to restore Housing First approach for Continuum of Care funding (Lynnwood Times, July 1, 2026)

Coverage of Judge McElroy's June 30, 2026 ruling in State of Washington et al. v. HUD and a related D.R.I. case: the November and December 2025 NOFOs vacated, a permanent injunction denied, and plaintiffs' motion to file a supplemental complaint adding claims on timely grant processing and the June 2026 NOFO denied.

Manhattan Institute — New Model Legislation Overhauling Federal Homelessness Funding (Eide & Glock)

Manhattan Institute press release (February 4, 2025) announcing model legislation by Stephen Eide and Judge Glock that would convert the CoC program to block grants to states and remove its Housing First mandate, while letting states still fund Housing First if they choose. Advocacy source documenting the position.

Judge blocks HUD changes that would have left thousands without housing

Minnesota AG release on the December 19, 2025 ruling in the parallel state-led challenge, in which 20 attorneys general and 2 governors won a preliminary injunction directing HUD to process CoC applications under pre-change terms.

Camping bans, penalties after Supreme Court ruling could worsen homelessness, experts say

Missouri Independent (States Newsroom) story (Dec. 18, 2024) on cities passing or expanding camping bans after the Supreme Court's Grants Pass ruling, with experts warning the bans and penalties could worsen homelessness; it notes the Missouri Supreme Court struck down that state's public camping ban in 2023 on a technicality.

LAHSA Sues Trump Administration for Suspending Funding

Report (June 29, 2026) that the Los Angeles Homeless Services Authority sued the Trump administration over HUD's June 11, 2026 suspension of its federal funding on fraud and mismanagement allegations, and asked for a temporary restraining order; the suit disputes the legal and factual basis for the suspension. A live test of whether HUD can suspend a major CoC lead's funding, relevant to CoC funding risk everywhere.

HUD Releases FY 2026 Continuum of Care NOFO

Summary of HUD's FY2026 Continuum of Care Notice of Funding Opportunity, allocating $4.04 billion for homelessness programs, with the policy and eligibility framework for the year.

HUD expected to revise CoC NOFO following court decision

Association analysis (September 14, 2026) of HUD's September 11 notice seeking public comment on Continuum of Care activities it wants to promote through bonus payments and incentives, described as a precursor to a revised FY2026 NOFO that satisfies notice-and-comment.

HUD releases funding opportunity for Continuum of Care Program - Deadline Sept. 30

NACo's summary of the FY2026 CoC NOFO for county grantees: the restructured tier system, what changed from the prior framework, the August 7, 2026 court order vacating the notice, and HUD's reinstatement of it with a September 30 deadline after a September 16 appeals-court order. Useful as the plain-language map of the FY2026 competition's structure alongside the NOFO itself.

FY 2026 CoC NOFO Challenged in Lawsuit (NH&RA, July 1, 2026)

Affordable-housing trade coverage (July 1, 2026) of a supplemental complaint against HUD's FY2026 Continuum of Care NOFO, reporting the plaintiffs' argument that the FY2026 notice repeats the features a court already found likely unlawful in the FY2025 version.

Judge Orders HUD to Vacate FY 2026 CoC NOFO

Trade-press coverage of Judge Mary S. McElroy's order vacating HUD's FY2026 Continuum of Care NOFO for failing the Administrative Procedure Act's notice-and-comment requirement, and of HUD's guidance that the 2026 NOFO and its August 26, 2026 application deadline are no longer in force.

Middle-class Americans priced out: new National Housing Conference report finds homeownership and affordable rent out of reach in most U.S. metro areas

National Housing Conference press release on its report finding homeownership and affordable rent out of reach in most U.S. metros, with 45 percent of metros now requiring six-figure incomes to buy a typical home. Affordability for occupations buying with 10 percent down fell from 37 percent in 2019 to 14 percent by 2024.

Short shutdown ends; FY 2026 funding for youth homelessness programs passed

National Network for Youth's account of the final FY2026 appropriations outcome for every federal program that funds homeless children and youth, with the enacted line-item amounts and the bill's deadlines for the next CoC NOFO and its awards. It is the fastest single place to check FY2026 federal funding levels for youth homelessness across both the Education and HUD accounts.

The CoC Application Reopened and Is Due This Week: Now What?

A September 28, 2026 explainer on the reopened FY2026 Continuum of Care NOFO after the First Circuit's September 16 stay and the district court's earlier vacatur, walking CoC applicants through the September 30 deadline and the practical steps that follow, including a HUD public-comment notice due October 13.

House passes sweeping bill to lower housing costs, sending it to Trump's desk

NBC News report that the House passed a sweeping bipartisan bill to lower housing costs and sent it to the President's desk. The article notes the lopsided vote and the bill's measures aimed at boosting housing supply and affordability.

Overdose "Good Samaritan" Laws Should Protect, Not Punish

Network for Public Health Law post arguing that overdose Good Samaritan laws, though shown to reduce overdose deaths overall, have limits that discourage 911 calls: most protect only against minor drug charges, at least a dozen states add conditions such as staying at the scene, and Iowa grants immunity only once.

A New Study Proves Criminalizing Homelessness Doesn't Reduce Homelessness

Next City article (June 30, 2025) on the first nationwide study of criminalization ordinances in the 100 most populous U.S. cities, noting criminalization sometimes produced a quick dip in visible homelessness when a law passed, followed by a surge exceeding prior levels; the study found no reduction in homelessness from such ordinances.

Trump's plan to cut homelessness programs is getting pushback from Republicans

NOTUS report, republished by Spotlight PA, on HUD's CoC funding shift, which would cut supportive-housing funding from 90% to 30% of allocations, and the pushback from Republican lawmakers against the change.

Amid record homelessness, a Texas think tank tries to upend how states tackle it

NPR report (May 20, 2024) on the Cicero Institute, a Texas think tank working with states to ban homeless camping and shift money away from housing toward substance abuse and mental health treatment; Florida, Kentucky and Texas have passed tougher laws, and lawmakers in about a dozen states have debated such legislation.

Appeals court rejects HUD homelessness overhaul, saying it would be 'disastrous' (NPR, April 1, 2026)

National coverage of a federal appeals court's April 1, 2026 ruling upholding the preliminary injunction against HUD's homelessness funding overhaul, quoting the court's finding that the changes would be 'immediately destabilizing and disastrous'.

Head Start got her out of homelessness. Trump proposal threatens that help for others

Reporting by Sequoia Carrillo (September 17, 2026) on a Trump administration proposal to cut Head Start's federal requirements from a 133-page list to a handful, and what that would mean for children experiencing homelessness. Note the precise rule: centers MAY reserve up to 3 percent of slots for homeless or foster children, which is a permissive cap rather than a guaranteed slot.

Judge blocks HUD homelessness overhaul, rebukes agency for causing 'chaos'

NPR report on the December 19, 2025 preliminary injunction halting HUD's overhaul of its homelessness funding programs, which would have dramatically slashed funding for permanent housing and imposed new grant conditions.

Outreach workers weigh the risks of forcing homeless vets to get help

NPR street-level reporting on a leaked 'Safe Harbor' proposal that would include homeless veterans in the administration's push to institutionalize homeless people against their will, a separate VA-Justice Department agreement on court guardianships for veterans, and how outreach workers weigh the risks of coercing people into treatment against the trust their work depends on.

The Trump administration plans major shift away from long-term housing for homelessness

NPR report on the Trump administration's planned major shift away from long-term housing for homelessness toward transitional housing that requires work and addiction treatment. It ties the shift to a July 2025 executive order and a conservative backlash against Housing First, quoting the Manhattan Institute's Stephen Eide.

Trump is pushing to institutionalize homeless people. That may include veterans.

NPR report on the federal push (under Executive Order 14321) to move homeless people into treatment, including involuntary institutionalization, and how a proposed VA plan called 'Safe Harbor' could extend that push to homeless veterans even as the administration promises new housing for vets.

Homelessness is more common than you think

Explores the gap between the HUD one-night point-in-time count (~750,000) and the much larger Department of Education count of homeless students, and how definitions shape who is counted as homeless.

Advocates say cities' aggressive clearing of encampments has caused more problems

Morning Edition report, two years after the Supreme Court allowed bans on sleeping outside, on aggressive encampment clearing in Des Moines and St. Louis, with Omaha's case-management pilot as a contrast and the Cicero Institute's case for camping bans.

Oregon AG Rayfield sues HUD over homelessness-funding changes

Oregon DOJ press release announcing a multistate lawsuit against HUD to block HUD's June 1, 2026 Continuum of Care funding notice, which creates a $1.3 billion set-aside for new projects prioritizing such things as transitional housing and, the states argue, a de facto cap on permanent housing.

Advocates push back against new Missouri law that criminalizes sleeping outdoors

PBS NewsHour report on Missouri's law criminalizing sleeping outdoors, citing the National Alliance to End Homelessness figure of nearly 6,000 people unhoused statewide on any given night; advocates warn it criminalizes homelessness without addressing the lack of affordable housing.

Appeals court rejects federal government's attempt to gut homelessness funding (April 1, 2026)

Press release on the First Circuit's April 1, 2026 order denying HUD's motion to stay the district-court injunction in NAEH v. HUD, with a direct link to the order PDF. The linked order pins the precise procedural event (a denied stay); the release's own subhead calls the ruling an affirmation.

Body Cam Video Tulsa Police Arrest Food Not Bombs Volunteers For Feeding Homeless People

Reason news story, with body-cam video, on Tulsa, Oklahoma police arresting four and citing six Food Not Bombs volunteers in May 2026 after ordering a permitless meal handout for homeless people to stop, despite the group's First Amendment claims. The chapter says it served for nearly six years without issue; the city says it had notified the group of permit rules at least 20 times.

Federal judge strikes down HUD's 2025 restrictions for Housing First initiatives

Rhode Island Current report on a federal judge striking down HUD's 2025 restrictions that would have shifted Continuum of Care grants away from permanent supportive housing toward transitional housing, finding the change violated the Administrative Procedure Act.

Rhode Island joins multistate suit over Trump HUD homeless-grant changes

Rhode Island Current report that Rhode Island joined a multistate coalition suing HUD to block the FY2026 Continuum of Care funding notice and its ~$1.3 billion transitional-housing set-aside that would curtail permanent supportive housing.

HUD Appeals FY26 CoC Program Competition Ruling

A CoC lead agency's summary, relaying a National Alliance to End Homelessness update, that HUD has appealed the district-court ruling vacating the FY2026 CoC NOFO and requested an emergency stay pending appeal, which the district court denied. Notes NAEH's expectation that HUD will renew the stay request in the appeals court.

Santa Cruz County Needle Exchange Grows As Lawsuit Shutters Volunteer Exchange

Santa Cruz Local report that three months after a November 2023 appellate ruling, in a lawsuit brought by Grant Park Neighborhood Association Advocates and others, found the state improperly approved the volunteer-run Harm Reduction Coalition's needle exchange and ordered it to stop, the county's own exchange had more than doubled its syringe distribution.

HUD drops appeal of lawsuit over homelessness program but is still pursuing changes, official says (April 20, 2026)

Reports HUD's Monday, April 20, 2026 filing to voluntarily dismiss its appeal of the preliminary injunction blocking its Continuum of Care changes, with no stated rationale, while a HUD spokesperson said the agency is still seeking to reform the program. The case returns to the Rhode Island district court.

Criminalizing Homelessness Doesn't Work, Study Finds

Shelterforce article (July 3, 2025) on what its authors call the first nationwide study of laws criminalizing homelessness (Lebovits & Sullivan, Policy Studies Journal), which found no reduction in homelessness from camping bans and similar enforcement laws.

Will the World Cup fuel arrests of homeless people in Atlanta?

Report (June 12, 2026) on advocates' warnings that Atlanta's World Cup preparations, encampment removals and enforcement-led outreach could bring arrests and displacement of unhoused residents, as during the 1996 Olympics, and on what an arrest or a clearing can cost a person in housing, work, medication and documents.

How Houston uses data to back its housing-first homeless strategy

Smart Cities Dive report on Houston's data-driven homelessness strategy through The Way Home and a shared HMIS database; the continuum of care steers funding to interventions the data shows work, which the article credits with helping cut regional homelessness 63% since 2011.

HUD homelessness tool kit downplays housing-first models, emphasizes addiction treatment

Trade-press reading of the federal Treatment First toolkit for what it asks of local governments, and of the encampment-response models it holds up as best practice.

Congress Introduces Housing not Handcuffs Act

Southern Poverty Law Center media advisory on the introduction of the federal Housing Not Handcuffs Act by Reps. Pramila Jayapal and Maxwell Frost, one year after Grants Pass: at least 320 laws criminalizing homelessness introduced in that year, with speakers citing nearly 220 bills or cities that passed such laws.

Tiny home developments eye 2023 opening

Springfield Business Journal reports (August 23, 2022) that two Ozarks tiny-home communities, Eden Village 3 in Springfield and Elevate Community in Branson, Missouri, expected homes ready for residents in 2023; Eden Village has built tiny homes for Springfield's chronically homeless and disabled population since 2018, at $325 a month including utilities.

An NYC nonprofit has reversed 1,700 overdoses since 2021. Under Trump, it faces an uncertain future

STAT report on the uncertain future of OnPoint NYC's two overdose-prevention centers, which reversed over 1,700 overdoses since 2021 but face possible federal action under the 1986 crack-house statute amid a hostile incoming administration.

Federal judge rules against Philadelphia supervised drug consumption effort

STAT report that in April 2024 U.S. District Judge Gerald McHugh rejected Philadelphia nonprofit Safehouse's Religious Freedom Restoration Act defense, finding it was not a religious entity, dealing a blow to its planned supervised consumption site.

Landmark settlement could create new protections for harm reduction under disability law

STAT report on the Lewis County, Washington settlement establishing that syringe exchanges count as health or rehabilitation services protected under the ADA, a precedent signaling that restricting harm reduction may violate federal disability law.

Feds encourage public housing authorities to impose work rules, time limits

Stateline reports on a pending HUD rule and its Work & Dignity Coalition promoting work requirements and time limits for federally assisted housing, which could reach voucher and public-housing residents.

Trump admin aims to shift homelessness grants toward addiction treatment, enforcement

Reporting (September 16, 2026) on HUD's September 11, 2026 Federal Register notice proposing to change Continuum of Care bonuses to favor transitional housing with services, addiction treatment and recovery, sober housing and law-enforcement partnerships, with public comment through October 13, 2026.

Federal court upholds block to overhaul of federal homelessness funding

Street Sense report on the April 1, 2026 First Circuit decision upholding the injunction against HUD's CoC funding overhaul, keeping the agency on its pre-November 2025 funding plan.

Report: Denver Spending Fails to Address Homelessness Tops $434 Million Annually

Denver VOICE report on a Common Sense Institute analysis finding that service providers and city agencies spend roughly $434 million a year on homelessness in Denver while homelessness rose about 25% over four years; the analysis used budgeted Fiscal Year 2020 funds and excludes American Rescue Plan and Colorado Rescue Plan money.

Kansas City Rethinks Homeless Policy As Unsheltered Rates Soar

Governing reports Kansas City rethinking homeless policy as unsheltered rates soar (95.7% of chronically homeless live unsheltered); the council approved a $1M Housing Gateway Program, modeled on Houston and Milwaukee, aiming to raise $10M and house 600 people in year one.

'Intentional Chaos': Judge Chastises HUD in Dispute Over Homelessness Programs

Reporting on the December 2025 federal court hearing over HUD's homelessness funding changes, in which Judge Mary S. McElroy criticized the agency for rescinding its NOFO an hour before the hearing. Published under the NOTUS masthead; NOTUS has since been renamed The Washington Sun.

Study shows involuntary displacement of people experiencing homelessness may cause significant spikes in mortality, overdoses and hospitalizations

EurekAlert (AAAS) press release on an April 2023 JAMA study (lead author Josh Barocas, CU Anschutz) using a computational model across 23 cities; involuntary displacement of unhoused drug users could cause up to a quarter of deaths in the population, with no scenario improving health.

Who has to follow new SNAP work rules? What you should know

Plain-language explainer on the expanded SNAP work requirements taking fuller effect in June 2026 under the 2025 OBBBA: who is newly subject (older adults, adults whose youngest child is 14 or older, and veterans, young people who recently aged out of foster care and people experiencing homelessness, who were previously exempt), the documentation demands, and the context of the broader cuts and fraud-reduction rationale.

Vera Institute of Justice Statement on Tennessee's Felony Camping Law

Vera Institute of Justice statement opposing Tennessee's felony public-camping law, effective July 1, 2022 and the first such statute in the nation, arguing a felony record blocks housing, jobs, and benefits; Vera cites that 21% of its Tennessee respondents were homeless or housing-insecure.

The Learning Curve: San Diego Unified (Finally) Inks Agreement for Safe Parking

Voice of San Diego reports San Diego Unified's agreement with the Housing Commission to open a safe-parking site at the vacant Central Elementary campus for at least 40 families in vehicles, under a licensing agreement that runs until November 2026, with the Housing Commission set to vote on a $593,000 operating contract with Jewish Family Service.

Can Clinton Triangle, the Mayor's First Large Shelter Site, Offer a New Beginning for Portland's Homeless?

Willamette Week profiles Portland's Clinton Triangle, the mayor's first large shelter site, a 6-acre Southeast Portland lot of heated pods run by Urban Alchemy under a contract worth up to $50M; it housed 191 people, and of 370-plus who passed through, 108 moved into apartments.

Contractor Running Pod Villages Overbilled Joint Office by $525,000, County Auditor Says

Willamette Week reports a Multnomah County auditor found contractor All Good Northwest, which runs three pod villages for homeless people, billed Portland's Joint Office of Homeless Services about $525,000 in unallowable expenses, including $330,000-plus in duplicate payroll and $193,675 in improperly approved indirect costs; the funds were recovered.

The Price Of Sheltering Portlanders In Pod Villages

Willamette Week analysis of Portland's pod villages: a $44 million two-year budget through 2024, pods costing about $16,000 each new and roughly $36,000 per pod per year to operate, versus $20,000 to $25,000 for congregate shelter beds.

Greensboro City Council Approves Funds To Continue Pallet Shelter Program

WFDD report that Greensboro City Council unanimously approved more than $190,000 to continue the Doorway Project, a 30-unit pallet-shelter program the mayor says moved about 80% of last year's residents into long-term housing.

North Carolina faith leaders urge lawmakers to uphold Gov. Stein's veto of homeless camping ban

Faith leaders press North Carolina lawmakers to sustain the governor's veto of HB 437, the bill directing local governments to regulate and police unauthorized camping, ahead of the legislature's return and an expected override vote.

Charlotte Plans Grant To Move Former Tent City Residents Out Of Hotels

WFAE reports Charlotte's plan to use a $2.1M federal CARES Act grant for one year of rental subsidies and support to 75 formerly homeless people from Tent City, part of $5.6M in CARES Act homeless funding; United Way of Central Carolinas oversees the subsidy program, working with Socialserve and Catholic Charities.

Former Charlotte Tent City Residents Will Move Into New Hotels Mecklenburg County Says

WFAE reports that Mecklenburg County moved 214 residents of Charlotte's dismantled Tent City into county-funded hotels in February 2021; by late September about 75 remained as three nonprofits took over, with 37 having moved into permanent homes.

Finland — New programme to end long-term homelessness (Finnish Government)

Finnish Government press release (21 December 2023) announcing a Ministry of the Environment programme to end long-term homelessness by 2027, running 1 January 2024 to 31 December 2026.

Homelessness rises in Finland for first time in over a decade

Helsinki Times report (Feb. 11, 2025) on ARA data showing Finland's homelessness rose in 2024 for the first time in over a decade, with drivers including rising rents and benefit cuts.

Pourmotabbed et al., "Food insecurity and mental health: a systematic review and meta-analysis" (Public Health Nutrition, 2020)

Cambridge Public Health Nutrition meta-analysis of 19 studies (372,143 participants in ten countries) on food insecurity and mental health. It found food insecurity raised the odds of depression by about 40 percent and stress by about 34 percent, with higher depression risk among older adults, but no significant association with anxiety overall.

Homelessness on the rise in Finland for first time in over a decade

The Big Issue report (Feb. 10, 2025) on Finland's 2024 homelessness reversal, detailing the rough-sleeping spike and attributing the rise to rising rents, austerity, and cuts to housing-advice services.

Homelessness on the rise in Finland

Y-Foundation (a key Finnish Housing First implementer) statement on the ARA report showing Finland's homeless population rose for the first time in 11 years, attributing the reversal to cost-of-living increases and social-security/housing-support cuts.

Sacramento County to spend $40M launching homeless shelter—before operational costs

ABC10 reports (November 2022) that Sacramento County supervisors approved $17 million in improvements to a Watt Avenue industrial building bought for about $23 million, bringing the county's launch cost for a planned Safe Stay shelter to $40 million before annual operating costs of about $5.8 million.

Lawsuit Challenges Tennessee “Anti-Harboring” Law that Criminalizes Providing Shelter to People who are Undocumented

American Immigration Council press release (June 23, 2025) on the constitutional lawsuit challenging Tennessee's anti-harboring law SB 392, which criminalizes harboring, defined to include providing shelter to, undocumented immigrants; the suit argues the state usurps federal immigration power and is unconstitutionally vague.

Opponents: 'Anti-homeless' bill that cracks down on public camping won't help unhoused residents