The Research Library

Notice of Regulatory Waiver Requests Granted for the First Quarter of Calendar Year 2025

HUD's quarterly Federal Register notice (90 FR 38786, Aug 12, 2025) listing regulatory waivers HUD granted in Q1 CY2025, the disposition record for HACA's Hurricane Helene waiver requests under the HUD Reform Act.

Notice of Regulatory Waiver Requests Granted for the Fourth Quarter of Calendar Year 2024

HUD's quarterly Federal Register notice (90 FR 38484, Aug 8, 2025) of regulatory waivers granted in Q4 CY2024, part of the disposition record relevant to post-Helene HUD waiver requests.

Notice of Regulatory Waiver Requests Granted for the Second Quarter of Calendar Year 2025

HUD's quarterly Federal Register notice (91 FR 3914, Jan 29, 2026) of regulatory waivers granted in Q2 CY2025; HACA (NC007) is absent from this disposition record.

Waiver of Regulations and Procedures; HUD Reform Act waiver authority framework (FR-6438-N-01)

HUD Federal Register notice (89 FR 7612, Feb 5, 2024) setting out the controlling framework and procedures under which HUD grants regulatory waivers, the authority basis for HACA's Helene-related waiver requests.

Continuum of Care (CoC) Grantee Areas (GIS dataset)

Authoritative geographic boundaries and funding-status attributes for every HUD Continuum of Care, the geography that ties PIT/HIC counts to specific places like Asheville/Buncombe (NC-501) and the NC Balance of State (NC-503).

HUD Open Data Site (HUD-eGIS Storefront)

HUD's geospatial data portal offering downloadable shapefiles, web maps, and ArcGIS APIs for CoC boundaries, PIT data joined to geography, CHAS-by-tract, and other housing/homelessness layers.

CoC Program Reports, Program Data, and Program Rents

Data on HUD's competitive Continuum of Care grant program, including awards by CoC, grant inventory, and Fair Market Rent / program rent figures used in CoC funding.

CoC System Performance Measures

HUD's required system-level performance metrics for every Continuum of Care, covering how well a community's whole homeless-response system performs rather than individual projects. Includes downloadable national and CoC-level data since FY2015/2019.

Longitudinal Systems Analysis (LSA)

HUD guide explaining the Longitudinal Systems Analysis (LSA) and how communities submit LSA data that feeds the Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress, the source of national homelessness statistics.

HUD Point-in-Time (PIT) Count and Housing Inventory Count (HIC)

HUD's reference hub explaining the annual PIT count and HIC, the methodology each CoC must follow, the data-collection notices, and how communities submit counts through the Homelessness Data Exchange.

HUD User PD&R Datasets

Central catalog of HUD PD&R datasets including Fair Market Rents, Income Limits, LIHTC database, American Housing Survey, Picture of Subsidized Households, and assisted-housing data used for affordability analysis.

HUD Income Limits

The authoritative annual dataset of income limits used to determine eligibility for HUD-assisted housing programs, defining Area Median Income (AMI) thresholds for every metropolitan area and county in the United States. It is the canonical source for the 30%/50%/80% AMI bands cited across affordable-housing analysis.

HUD Small Area Fair Market Rents (SAFMRs)

ZIP-code-level Fair Market Rents used to set Housing Choice Voucher payment standards, mandatory in 65 designated metro areas. Provides granular rent estimates plus 90% and 110% payment-standard limits by bedroom count.

FY2026 Fair Market Rents Documentation System (summary)

HUD's FY2026 Fair Market Rent documentation/lookup system providing area-level FMRs and the underlying ACS-based calculations used for voucher payment standards.

SAMHSA Grants Dashboard - FY2026 Forecasts

SAMHSA grants forecast dashboard listing FY2026 NOFOs including CCBHC (SM-26-014/015/016) and STREETS (SM-26-019) with deadlines. Authoritative source for behavioral-health grant opportunities.

American Housing Survey (AHS)

The most comprehensive longitudinal survey of the U.S. housing stock, sponsored by HUD and fielded by Census. Covers housing characteristics, costs, and rotating topical modules including Food Security and Housing Counseling for the nation and 15 largest metros.

HUD 2024 Annual Homeless Assessment Report (AHAR) Part 1

HUD's official January 2024 point-in-time count report: national and subgroup homelessness counts, sheltered/unsheltered splits, and year-over-year and decade trends. The record-high count the 2025-26 policy fight keeps citing.

HUD Location Affordability Index (LAI)

HUD dataset and tool estimating combined housing and transportation costs as a share of income for typical household profiles at the census-tract level, to measure true location affordability.

CoC Housing Inventory Count (HIC) Reports

Annual snapshot of each Continuum of Care's inventory of beds and units dedicated to people experiencing homelessness, conducted in the last ten days of January, available at national, state, and CoC levels.

CoC System Performance Measures - National Summary Since 2015

HUD's national and Continuum of Care (CoC) level summary of homeless system performance measures since FY2015, available as raw data and published reports with Tableau visualizations, used to assess how well local homelessness response systems perform.

HDX Reporting (Homelessness Data Exchange)

HUD's platform where Continuums of Care submit and access homelessness data: Point-in-Time (PIT) counts, Housing Inventory Counts (HIC), System Performance Measures (SPM), and the Longitudinal Systems Analysis (LSA).

New CoC Performance Profiles and Other Data Resources

HUD announcement and access point for Continuum of Care Performance Profiles, which summarize each CoC's homelessness system performance and related data resources.

Point-in-Time (PIT) and Housing Inventory Count (HIC) Data Since 2007

HUD Exchange's landing page for the Annual Homeless Assessment Report, and the entry point to the per-CoC community-level files: the Homeless Populations and Subpopulations (PopSub) PDFs, the Housing Inventory Count PDFs, and the System Performance data files. It explicitly redirects users to the AHAR page on HUDUser.gov for the PIT and HIC data files by year, which is where the by-CoC workbooks live.

LIHTC Database: Property-Level Data

Property-level database of every Low-Income Housing Tax Credit project, the largest federal program building affordable rental housing. Searchable via an interactive query system and downloadable.

Comprehensive Housing Affordability Strategy (CHAS) data

CHAS data, derived from special tabulations of the Census Bureau's American Community Survey, quantify housing problems and needs of low-income households by geography. The authoritative source for cost-burden statistics down to the local and census-tract level used in HUD grant planning.

HUD Fair Market Rents (FY2025)

HUD's annually published Fair Market Rents dataset, estimating gross rents (set at the 40th percentile of recent-mover rents) for OMB-defined metropolitan areas, HUD subdivisions, and every nonmetropolitan county; downloadable by fiscal year with full methodology.

HUD PD&R Datasets (Policy Development & Research portal)

HUD's central catalog of policy-research datasets on housing markets, assisted housing, affordability, and homelessness. The gateway to individually enumerated datasets such as AHS, Fair Market Rents, Income Limits, CHAS, Picture of Subsidized Households, and AHAR.

HUD Exchange — Homelessness Data & Resources

HUD's official portal of homelessness program data, reports, and reporting tools, including Point-in-Time counts, Housing Inventory Counts, AHAR, CoC dashboards, and the HDX data exchange.

Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) Properties

Geospatial HUD dataset of properties placed in service under the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit program, the largest federal subsidy for affordable rental housing production. Distributed as geodatabase, shapefile, and ArcGIS Hub layers.

Fair Market Rent History 1983 – Present

Downloadable archive of HUD's annually published Fair Market Rents from fiscal year 1983 to the present, by metropolitan area and nonmetropolitan county. Key longitudinal series for tracking rental-cost benchmarks used in housing-assistance programs.

FY2026 State Income Limits Report (30%, 50%, 80% of Median Family Income)

HUD's FY2026 report of state-level 30%, 50%, and 80% income limits derived from area median family incomes, used to define extremely-low, very-low, and low-income eligibility for HUD-assisted housing and LIHTC properties. Authoritative income-eligibility thresholds tied to poverty and area income.

HUD Housing Counseling Agency Locator API

Public API for locating HUD-approved Housing Counseling Agencies by agency name/city/state or by geographic radius. Connects households facing housing instability or foreclosure to certified, free or low-cost housing counseling services.

2007-2024 Housing Inventory Count (HIC) Counts by State

An Excel time-series dataset of the Housing Inventory Count (HIC) by state from 2007 through 2024, recording the inventory of beds and units dedicated to people experiencing homelessness by program type. Supports state-level trend analysis of shelter and housing capacity.

HUD Housing Inventory Count by CoC, 2007-2025

HUD's full national Housing Inventory Count series by Continuum of Care from 2007 through 2025, giving bed and unit inventory by project type and by household type, including the dedicated youth beds and the beds for households with only children. It is the supply-side companion to the Point-in-Time counts and the only way to tell a rise in counted homelessness from a rise in the capacity doing the counting.

FY 2026 Community Planning and Development Formula Program Allocations (all grantees)

HUD's grantee-level workbook of fiscal 2026 formula allocations across CDBG, the Recovery Housing Program, HOME, Emergency Solutions Grants and HOPWA. The authoritative answer to what any given city, county or state actually receives, and to the prior question of whether a jurisdiction is an entitlement grantee at all, which decides whether several federal housing provisions reach it.

Housing & Health Data Dashboard (HHDR)

HUD USER interactive dashboard linking housing assistance and health outcomes, supporting analysis of how subsidized housing intersects with health and the social determinants of well-being.

Point-in-Time Estimates by CoC, 2007-2025 (workbook)

HUD's own workbook of every point-in-time count broken out by Continuum of Care for each year from 2007 to 2025, one sheet per year and roughly 1,019 columns wide. It is the authoritative source for any per-CoC homelessness comparison or ranking, including the age splits: 'Overall Homeless - Under 18' appears in every year sheet, alongside sheltered/unsheltered breakdowns, household type, unaccompanied and parenting youth.

USAspending.gov — Federal Spending Transparency Platform

Official open-data source for federal spending, including grants, contracts, and program awards searchable by agency, recipient, program (CFDA/Assistance Listing), and geography. Used to track funding flows for housing, food, and anti-poverty programs (e.g., SNAP, ERA, HUD CoC grants) with a full public API.

data.gov: AHAR Part 1 PIT Estimates of Homelessness

Data.gov catalog entry for HUD's AHAR Part 1, providing machine-readable PIT and Housing Inventory Count (HIC) estimates of homelessness as downloadable spreadsheets, including national, state, and CoC-level figures and longitudinal HIC bed counts.

Tsemberis, Gulcur & Nakae (2004) — Housing First, Consumer Choice, and Harm Reduction (AJPH)

The foundational Housing First randomized controlled trial (AJPH 2004;94:651-656): 225 chronically homeless adults with serious mental illness in NYC randomly assigned to Housing First vs. treatment-first/linear care; Housing First obtained housing earlier and retained it without sobriety preconditions.

Bls — oes339032

BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics page for security guards (33-9032), providing national employment counts and mean and median wage data for the occupation.

Laura T. Murphy / Modern Slavery Research Project, Loyola University New Orleans

Laura T. Murphy's Loyola University Modern Slavery Research Project ten-city study (2017) of labor and sex trafficking among homeless youth, hosted by the California Attorney General. It documents that roughly one in five homeless youth surveyed were trafficking victims, with high rates of survival sex and labor exploitation.

Homelessness and Health: A Systematic Review (CDC Stacks)

CDC-archived systematic review examining the bidirectional relationship between homelessness and health (mental health, substance use) and comparing Treatment First versus Housing First approaches. Directly relevant to homelessness policy and social determinants of health.

Medicaid Section 1115 Demonstrations - Health-Related Social Needs (HRSN)

Federal authority and guidance for state Section 1115 waivers that let Medicaid pay for health-related social needs such as housing instability, homelessness, and nutrition insecurity. Documents approved housing and food supports states can offer.

Cityofsacramento — Audit 20of 20the 20City E2 80 99s 20Homeless 20Response 20

Sacramento City Auditor report evaluating the costs and outcomes of 17 city sheltering programs totaling $63.2M, reporting cost-per-exit and cost-per-bed-night figures, finding no strong link between spending and outcomes, with SF and LA comparators.

Cityofsacramento — City 20Auditors 20Preliminary 20Report 20on 20the 20Citys 20

Sacramento City Auditor preliminary report on the city's homeless response, flagging that the Miller Park site cost $82 per bed-night versus a contracted $55 and that one shelter contract grew from about $396,000 to over $4M.

Cityofsacramento — Homeless Coordination

Overview page for the City of Sacramento's homeless coordination work under the City Manager's office, linking community response, outreach, housing assistance, and regionally coordinated action planning.

Martin v. Boise's constraint rested on the Eighth Amendment: the Ninth Circuit reasoned th

Congressional Research Service legal sidebar (LSB11203) analyzing the Eighth Amendment limits on enforcing public-camping laws from Martin v. Boise through the Supreme Court's Grants Pass decision, explaining how the Ninth Circuit treated punishing unavoidable public sleeping as cruel and unusual.

One Big Beautiful Bill Act / reconciliation law P.L. 119-21

Congress.gov page for H.R.1, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act / reconciliation law P.L. 119-21 (2025), which enacted the largest SNAP cuts in program history (about $186B through 2034) via state cost-share, expanded work requirements, and a benefit cap.

Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance Act, P.L. 100-77

Congress.gov page for H.R.558, the Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance Act, P.L. 100-77 (1987), the first major federal law establishing programs and funding to address homelessness. Page returned 403; summary from publisher and title.

The HUD Homeless Assistance Grants: Programs Authorized by the HEARTH Act (CRS RL33764)

CRS report describing HUD's Homeless Assistance Grants (originally authorized by the 1987 McKinney-Vento Act and restructured by the 2009 HEARTH Act), including the Continuum of Care, Emergency Solutions Grant, and program funding history.

CRS IN12626 — HUD's FY2025 CoC Program Competition

Congressional Research Service insight explaining the FY2025 HUD CoC competition mechanics, including the cap on permanent supportive housing funding.

Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports

Official public repository of nonpartisan CRS reports for Congress, searchable by keyword and topic. Authoritative primary-source explainers on SNAP, school meals, housing assistance, homelessness (HEARTH/CoC), TANF, Medicaid, LIHEAP, the Farm Bill, and poverty measurement (host returns 403 to automated fetchers but is a live, working public site).

Executive Order 14379 — Great American Recovery Initiative (Federal Register)

Full text of EO 14379, 'Addressing Addiction Through the Great American Recovery Initiative' (signed Jan 29, 2026; published Feb 3, 2026, 91 FR 5081). Establishes a White House Great American Recovery Initiative; contains no appropriations, dollar amounts, deadlines, or explicit Housing First/harm-reduction conditions.

Executive Order 14321 — Ending Crime and Disorder on America's Streets

Full Federal Register text of EO 14321 (signed July 24, 2025; published July 29, 2025, 90 FR 35817), which redirects federal homelessness policy away from Housing First toward treatment-conditioned models, civil commitment, and camping-ban enforcement priorities. The authoritative primary source for the 2025-26 federal policy shift.

Executive Order 14321, Ending Crime and Disorder on America's Streets

July 2025 executive order directing HUD and HHS to step back from Housing First and condition homelessness assistance on treatment participation; basis for subsequent HUD CoC funding rules.

Executive Order 14379 — Addressing Addiction Through the Great American Recovery Initiative

Executive Order signed January 29, 2026 (91 FR 5081-5083) establishing the White House Great American Recovery Initiative co-chaired by the HHS Secretary; contains no appropriations, dollar amounts, deadlines, or explicit Housing First/homelessness-grant conditions in its text.

Termination of SNAP Emergency Allotments, Food Sufficiency, and Economic Hardships

Federal Reserve FEDS working paper 2023-46 (Dasgupta and Plumley) finding that termination of SNAP emergency allotments was followed by reduced food sufficiency and greater difficulty paying household expenses. PDF; summary from publisher and title.

EFSP program background

FEMA program page describing the Emergency Food and Shelter Program, which distributes federal funds through local boards to support food, shelter, and related services for people experiencing or at risk of homelessness.

CoC Homeless Populations and Subpopulations Reports

Year-by-year CoC-level reports breaking the PIT count into household types and subpopulations, downloadable for every Continuum of Care including NC's.

CoC Performance Profile Reports

Per-CoC snapshot profiles combining PIT, HIC, System Performance Measures, and CoC Program competition data into a single performance picture for each Continuum of Care.

2024 AHAR Part 1: PIT Estimates of Homelessness in the U.S.

The 2024 edition of HUD's Point-in-Time estimates of homelessness, based on counts conducted in January 2024. Reports the highest national homeless count since data collection began in 2007, with state- and CoC-level detail and downloadable PIT/HIC tables.

2025 AHAR Part 1: PIT Estimates of Homelessness in the U.S.

The 2025 edition of HUD's Point-in-Time estimates of homelessness, based on counts conducted in January 2025. Provides the most current national, state, and CoC-level snapshot of sheltered and unsheltered homelessness with downloadable PIT and Housing Inventory Count tables.

Worst Case Housing Needs (Report to Congress series)

HUD's biennial Worst Case Housing Needs reports to Congress, measuring very-low-income unassisted renters who pay more than half their income for rent and/or live in severely inadequate housing. Hub links every edition of this authoritative severe-rent-burden series.

CHAS: Data Documentation

Technical documentation for the CHAS dataset, defining the variables, HUD income-level thresholds, and housing-problem categories used in the custom ACS tabulations of housing affordability and need.

Addressing Homelessness through Housing First (Evidence Matters, Autumn 2024)

HUD PD&R Evidence Matters feature (Autumn 2024) laying out the evidence base for Housing First as an alternative to encampment bans, sweeps, and treatment-first mandates. A primary federal statement of the model's rationale and supporting data.

FY2026 Income Limits Methodology (PDF)

HUD's methodology document for FY2026 Income Limits, which define eligibility thresholds (extremely low, very low, and low income) for HUD housing assistance programs based on area median family income.

Statement on FY2026 Income Limits (PDF)

HUD's official statement accompanying the FY2026 Income Limits release, explaining caps, trends, and year-over-year changes to the income thresholds used across HUD assistance programs.

Hudexchange — covid19 homeless system response case management ratios

HUD Exchange resource on COVID-19 homeless system response case-management caseload ratios, offering guidance such as intensive case management at roughly 1:15-20 and ACT teams near 1:10-12.

2025 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report

HUD's 2025 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR) Part 1, the national point-in-time count of people experiencing homelessness, reporting roughly 745,652 people counted in 2025. PDF; summary from publisher and title.

Capital Needs in the Public Housing Program

HUD-commissioned study by Abt Associates (2010) on capital needs in the public housing program, establishing a baseline backlog of roughly $26 billion and an ongoing accrual need of about $3.2-3.4 billion per year. PDF; summary from publisher and title.

Peng et al. 2020 — CDC Community Guide / CPSTF Housing First Systematic Review

Community Guide systematic review (26 studies) underpinning the Community Preventive Services Task Force recommendation of Permanent Supportive Housing with Housing First. Reports large reductions in homelessness and gains in housing stability versus treatment-first.

Justice — appellate court agrees government supervised injection sites

DOJ Office of Public Affairs press release on the Third Circuit ruling in US v. Safehouse, which held that supervised injection sites are illegal under the federal crack-house statute (21 USC 856).

Kcmo — unhoused services and funding

Kansas City, Missouri page on unhoused services and funding, describing the city's homelessness programs and budget, including a roughly $8.5M unhoused-services allocation.

Lacity — audits

Index page for the Los Angeles City Controller's published audits and reports, including investigations of city homelessness spending and program performance.

Lacity — interim housing audit

Los Angeles City Controller landing page for the December 2024 'Pathways to Permanent Housing' interim-housing audit, reporting per-bed costs of about $29,000 for congregate and $57,000 for non-congregate beds, higher when adjusted for vacancy.

At Home/Chez Soi Housing First Randomized Trial

The largest multi-site randomized controlled trial of Housing First for people with mental illness experiencing homelessness, a primary follow-on study to Tsemberis's Pathways work demonstrating residential-stability effects.

Mn — k9dTDiwWLkimoiiFKzJzUA

Hennepin County / Minnesota House briefing document on Avivo Village funding, showing an increase from $2M in 2024 to about $4.5M per year from 2025 onward for the indoor tiny-home shelter community.

NASEM 2018 — Permanent Supportive Housing: Evaluating the Evidence (Consensus Report)

National Academies consensus report on permanent supportive housing and chronic homelessness, including the structural genealogy of modern homelessness (state psychiatric hospital census 535,000 in 1960 to 137,000 in 1980; HUD budget authority ~$29B in 1976 to ~$17B in 1990) and the 2003 federal definition of chronic homelessness.

McKinney-Vento Determining Eligibility (NCHE)

Federal technical-assistance resource compiling tools and guidance for school districts to determine eligibility for McKinney-Vento homeless education services, including the federal definition of homeless and case-by-case assessment.

Permanent Supportive Housing: Evaluating the Evidence for Improving Health Outcomes Among People Experiencing Chronic Homelessness

PubMed record for the National Academies consensus study on permanent supportive housing, evaluating the evidence and concluding PSH can improve health outcomes and reduce costs for chronically homeless people while noting implementation barriers.

Pourmotabbed et al

Open-access full text (PMC) of a systematic review and meta-analysis of 19 studies (372,143 participants, 10 countries) finding food insecurity raises depression risk in adults (pooled OR 1.40), with the strongest effect for severe insecurity and older adults.

Sclar, "Homelessness and Housing Policy: A Game of Musical Chairs," AJPH 80

Sclar's 1990 editorial in the American Journal of Public Health (80(9):1039-40) introducing the musical-chairs image for homelessness and housing policy, accompanying a study of homeless versus housed families in Los Angeles (DOI 10.2105/AJPH.80.9.1039).

Osha — 1910.141

OSHA general-industry standard 1910.141 on sanitation for permanent workplaces, including a toilet-facilities table (1 water closet for 1-15 employees, scaling up) plus water, washing, and food-handling requirements.

Osha — 1926.51

OSHA construction standard 1926.51 on sanitation, setting minimum toilet, potable-water, and washing requirements at worksites, including one toilet for 20 or fewer workers and scaled ratios above that.

Osha — restrooms sanitation

OSHA's restrooms and sanitation page summarizing toilet, handwashing, and access requirements under standards 1910.141, 1926.51, and 1928.110, including prompt restroom access and ratios scaled to workforce size.

Portland — download

Screen-reader-friendly PDF download of Portland's Safe Rest Villages 2022-23 annual report, documenting the outdoor temporary-shelter program's budget, people served, and participant outcomes for its first full year.

Portland — safe rest villages 2022 23 annual report

Portland's Safe Rest Villages 2022-23 annual report page, covering the outdoor temporary-shelter program's first year of data along with participant and staff stories; the program reflects a $56.3M budget, $19.9M in FY22-23, and 345 people served.

PubMed Central (NIH) — NBK519595

National Academies / NCBI chapter examining the cost-effectiveness of permanent supportive housing, reviewing studies with mixed healthcare-cost results (from $6,875 annual savings to a $3,093 net cost increase) and citing a roughly $17,277 annual unit cost in one study.

Saccounty — faqs

Sacramento County FAQ for its Safe Stay communities (including Stockton Blvd), explaining the sanctioned cabin sites: referral-only access, 24/7 operation, meals, restrooms, case management, and housing support across three sites with over 300 beds.

Saccounty — stockton blvd safe stay community shelter opens

Sacramento County announcement that its third and largest Safe Stay shelter opened on Stockton Blvd with 155 tiny homes (135 single, 20 double) adding about 175 beds, run by First Step Communities with $17.6M in state Encampment Resolution Funding.

STREETS Program NOFO (SM-26-019)

Official Notice of Funding Opportunity for SAMHSA's STREETS program, funding treatment-and-engagement for people experiencing unsheltered homelessness. The NOFO requires treatment-contingent housing and bars Housing First, with eligibility limited to political subdivisions, tribes, and tribal organizations.

Sandiego — 2025 4 22 mayor gloria secures council approval to move forw

San Diego press release announcing council approval to move forward with the H Barracks safe-parking site, providing about 190 spaces for people living in vehicles, with the cost not disclosed.

Sandiego — npa jewish family services safe parking

San Diego contract document for Jewish Family Services' Safe Parking program, a FY2023 agreement not to exceed $1,436,797 providing 206 overnight parking spaces for people living in their vehicles.

21st Century ROAD to Housing Act — bill text + section-by-section

Senate Banking Committee release of the bipartisan 21st Century ROAD to Housing Act (Scott and Warren), with bill text and section-by-section; it targets housing supply via regulatory cuts with no new federal spending and includes corporate-landlord provisions. Passed committee 24-0.

Stpaul — 20240402 MO CFPS 20Fact 20Sheet FINAL V2

St. Paul fact sheet on its Community First Public Safety homelessness strategy, outlining city services and coordinated response approaches without a stated per-person cost.

SAMHSA Grant Announcements (STREETS, CCBHC, AOT)

SAMHSA's grant-announcement hub for behavioral-health and homelessness-recovery funding, including the STREETS (SM-26-019), CCBHC Planning/Development/Implementation (SM-26-014), and Assisted Outpatient Treatment (SM-26-001) NOFOs.

SAMHSA — Permanent Supportive Housing Evidence-Based Practices KIT

SAMHSA's evidence-based practices toolkit for Permanent Supportive Housing, specifying the seven essential elements (housing choice; separation of housing and services; decent/safe/affordable housing; community integration; rights of tenancy; access without readiness requirements; flexible voluntary services).

Grants Pass v. Johnson (U.S. Supreme Court, 2024)

June 28, 2024 6-3 decision holding that enforcing public-camping bans does not violate the Eighth Amendment even where no shelter is available, reversing the practical effect of Martin v. Boise. Triggered a wave of camping-ban legislation.

White House — Ending Crime and Disorder on America's Streets (presidential action)

Presidential-action text of EO 14321 as published by the White House.

HHS — Secretary Kennedy Announces New Funding for Mental Illness, Addiction, Homelessness

HHS press release announcing $700M+ in mental-illness/addiction/homelessness funding including the STREETS NOFO, framed as part of the Great American Recovery Initiative.

HHS: Secretary Kennedy Announces $100M Great American Recovery Initiative (STREETS)

HHS press release (Feb 2, 2026) announcing a $100 million investment in the Great American Recovery Initiative (GARI), with the STREETS Initiative (Safety Through Recovery, Engagement, and Evidence-based Treatment and Supports) as the homelessness-focused component connecting homeless/addicted individuals to recovery-focused housing.

Addressing Homelessness Among Older Adults (ASPE report)

2023 federal report on the rapid growth of homelessness among adults 50 and older, drawing on research by Dennis Culhane and colleagues.

HMIS Data Dictionary

Technical documentation of all HMIS data elements for vendors and system administrators, specifying the function, format, and federal-partner use of each element collected on individuals and families at risk of or experiencing homelessness.

HUD Annual Homeless Assessment Report (AHAR) / Point-in-Time Count

Official hub of the federal housing agency, the authoritative source for U.S. housing policy, homelessness assistance programs, fair housing enforcement, and rental-assistance data. Routes to HUD's research portals (HUD User and the open-data platform) where the underlying datasets and reports live.

HEARTH: Defining 'Chronically Homeless' (Final Rule)

HUD final rule establishing the federal definition of 'chronically homeless' under the HEARTH Act, used to prioritize permanent supportive housing and target resources to long-term homeless individuals and families with disabilities.

HEARTH: Defining Homeless (Final Rule)

HUD final rule establishing the federal regulatory definition of 'homeless' under the HEARTH Act, setting the four categories used to determine eligibility for HUD homeless assistance programs.

An Introductory Guide to Submitting LSA Data for the AHAR

HUD guide explaining how Continuums of Care submit Longitudinal Systems Analysis (LSA) data from their HMIS, which feeds the Annual Homeless Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress.

HEARTH: Defining "Homeless" Final Rule

HUD's December 2011 final rule establishing the regulatory definition of "homeless" (the four categories) and recordkeeping requirements used across the CoC, ESG, and predecessor programs. The authoritative source for who legally counts as homeless under federal programs.

HMIS Data Dictionary

Companion technical reference to the HMIS Data Standards Manual specifying field-level definitions, response categories, and data formats for every HMIS data element used by homeless-services vendors and CoCs.

HMIS Data Standards Manual (2024)

HUD's authoritative manual defining the data elements, collection standards, and program-specific requirements for Homeless Management Information Systems (HMIS) used by Continuums of Care nationwide to count and serve people experiencing homelessness.

Homeless Emergency Assistance and Rapid Transition to Housing (HEARTH) Act

HUD's authoritative overview of the 2009 HEARTH Act, which amended the McKinney-Vento Act, consolidated homeless-assistance grants into the Continuum of Care (CoC) Program, and redefined homelessness and chronic homelessness.

Introduction to HMIS Data Standards

Web-based overview of the HMIS Data Standards explaining terms, concepts, and the structure of homelessness data collection for Continuums of Care and HMIS end users.

McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act, As Amended by the HEARTH Act of 2009

Full statutory text of the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act as amended by the 2009 HEARTH Act, the authorizing law for HUD homeless assistance programs (Continuum of Care, Emergency Solutions Grants).

Reporting PIT Count and HIC Data in HDX 2.0

HUD guidance on submitting Point-in-Time (PIT) homeless counts and Housing Inventory Count (HIC) data through the HDX 2.0 system, the standard process behind annual local homelessness statistics.

Stella Performance Glossary

Definitions glossary for HUD's Stella Performance (Stella P) tool, which gives Continuums of Care a data-driven view of their homeless response system. Stella P reports three-year trends on Days Homeless, Exits, and Returns to homelessness.

Using ArcGIS to Reduce Homelessness

HUD guidance on applying ArcGIS mapping to Continuum of Care data to visualize and reduce homelessness, supporting the CoC GIS toolkits.

HMIS Data Standards: Project Descriptor Data Elements

Project Descriptor Data Elements (PDDEs) within the HMIS Data Standards that describe the homeless-assistance projects entering data, used to organize and interpret HMIS records across a Continuum of Care.

HMIS Data Standards: Universal Data Elements

The Universal Data Elements (UDEs) required to be collected by all projects participating in a Homeless Management Information System (HMIS), forming the basis for unduplicated counts and demographics of people experiencing homelessness nationally.

HUD Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress

Central HUD hub for the Annual Homeless Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress, the authoritative national source on homelessness. Links to every AHAR Part 1 (Point-in-Time estimates) and Part 2 (year-round estimates from HMIS) by year, plus underlying PIT and Housing Inventory Count (HIC) data tables.

2017 AHAR: Part 1 - PIT Estimates of Homelessness in the U.S.

HUD's annual Point-in-Time (PIT) and Housing Inventory Count (HIC) estimates of homelessness for January 2017, with national, state, and Continuum-of-Care-level figures and population breakdowns.

HUD Continuum of Care program (restructuring & funding notices)

HUD's Continuum of Care program rules and funding notices, including the contested 2025-2026 restructuring that capped permanent supportive housing and redirected money toward transitional/treatment-conditioned housing.

HUD FY2026 Continuum of Care Competition NOFO (HUD No. 26-038)

HUD's FY2026 Continuum of Care competition Notice of Funding Opportunity, the $4.04 billion national competition that restructures protected renewals and prioritizes transitional housing and treatment-conditioned models. The governing source for CoC tier and scoring changes and the August 26, 2026 application deadline.

HUD No. 26-038 — HUD Overhauls Federal Homelessness Assistance (FY2026 CoC NOFO)

HUD press release announcing the FY2026 Continuum of Care NOFO making $4.04 billion available, including a $1.3 billion investment in new projects with priority for Transitional Housing and Supportive Services Only projects, and signaling a move away from Housing First toward treatment/recovery/self-sufficiency.

HUD Public Housing Occupancy Guidebook

Consolidated HUD guidance for public housing agencies, families, and stakeholders on administering the public housing program: eligibility, waiting lists, income determination, reexaminations, leases, and grievance procedures.

HUD 2024 Annual Homeless Assessment Report (AHAR) Part 1

HUD's authoritative annual point-in-time homelessness count: on a single night in January 2024, 771,480 people were homeless (highest ever recorded, +18% YoY), with chronic homelessness at an all-time high of 152,585 (65% unsheltered).

FY2026 Fair Market Rent Methodology (Calculation of HUD Fair Market Rents)

Technical methodology document (updated July 2025) detailing how HUD calculates Fiscal Year 2026 Fair Market Rents, including the base rent, recent-mover adjustment, rent inflation factors, and trend factor. Explains the data inputs and weighting behind the rent benchmarks that set housing-voucher payment standards.

Methodology for Determining FY2022 Section 8 Income Limits

Technical methodology explaining how HUD derives Section 8 income limits, including the four-person very-low-income limit at 50% of area median family income, ACS data inputs, and adjustment rules. Foundational reference for understanding income-eligibility thresholds used across housing-assistance and LIHTC programs.

The 2024 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress, Part 1: Point-In-Time Estimates of Homelessness

HUD's authoritative annual report on the national, state, and Continuum-of-Care (CoC) level Point-in-Time (PIT) count of people experiencing homelessness on a single night in January 2024, with companion Housing Inventory Count (HIC) data. The definitive federal source for U.S. homelessness counts and trends.

Worst Case Housing Needs: 2023 Report to Congress — Executive Summary

The executive summary of HUD's 2023 biennial Worst Case Housing Needs report to Congress, summarizing the prior-cycle estimate of very low-income unassisted renters with severe rent burden or severely inadequate housing. Provides the 2021 baseline against which the 2025 report's improvement is measured.

Worst Case Housing Needs: 2025 Report to Congress

HUD's biennial report to Congress measuring 'worst case housing needs' — very low-income unassisted renters who pay more than half their income on rent or live in severely inadequate housing. The 2025 edition reports 2023 data showing needs near the all-time high despite record apartment construction.

HUD Public Housing Occupancy Guidebook - Eligibility Determination & Denial of Assistance

HUD guidebook chapter detailing how public housing agencies determine eligibility and may deny assistance, including screening for criminal history, income, citizenship/immigration status, and fair-treatment requirements.

HMIS Data Standards

HUD's baseline data-collection standards for Homeless Management Information Systems, jointly developed with HHS and VA, defining the data elements every Continuum of Care must collect on people experiencing homelessness. FY 2026 standards effective October 1, 2025.

HUD HMIS Data Standards & Data Dictionary

Federal data standards, manual, and data dictionary defining how Homeless Management Information Systems (HMIS) collect standardized data on people experiencing homelessness across all Continuums of Care, enabling unduplicated counts and federal reporting.

HUD FY2026 Continuum of Care Program NOFO (CPD-2600-DC-0025)

Official grant opportunity for the FY2026 CoC Competition and Youth Homelessness Demonstration Program (HUD opportunity CPD-2600-DC-0025, Assistance Listing 14.267), ~$4.04 billion available, application deadline Aug 26, 2026, performance period 2027, with full eligible-applicant and match-requirement rules.

Worst Case Housing Needs: 2023 Report to Congress (PDF)

HUD's 2023 Worst Case Housing Needs report to Congress, drawing on the 2021 American Housing Survey. Documents a record number of very-low-income unassisted renters paying more than half their income for rent or living in severely inadequate units.

EO 14321 was published in the Federal Register on July 29, 2025 under document number 2025

Federal Register publication of Executive Order 14321, "Ending Crime and Disorder on America's Streets," issued July 24, 2025 and published July 29, 2025 (doc. 2025-14391); directs federal agencies to redirect homelessness funding toward involuntary commitment and treatment-first responses.

Executive Order 14321, "Ending Crime and Disorder on America's Streets"

Federal Register notice of Executive Order 14321, Ending Crime and Disorder on America's Streets (signed July 24, 2025), directing HUD and HHS to step back from Housing First and condition homelessness assistance on treatment. Page redirected; summary from record.

GAO-20-433 — Homelessness: Better HUD Oversight of Data Collection Could Improve Estimates

GAO review of HUD's Point-in-Time homeless count methodology, finding the count likely understates homelessness and that rent increases correlate with rising homelessness. Includes recommendations to strengthen HUD oversight of CoC data collection.

GAO-24-106688: Homelessness - Supportive Services Provided by Federal Programs

GAO report comparing supportive services across HUD's Continuum of Care program and three HHS programs (CSBG, Health Center, PATH), documenting service types, staffing challenges, and funding stability provisions.

Executive Order 14321 - Ending Crime and Disorder on America's Streets (full text)

Full Federal Register text of Executive Order 14321 (July 24, 2025) directing HUD/HHS to deprioritize Housing First, condition assistance on treatment, prioritize grants to jurisdictions enforcing camping bans, and expand involuntary civil commitment.

Restrictions on Assistance to Noncitizens (24 CFR 5.425)

Federal regulation in Title 24 (Housing and Urban Development) governing prorated and restricted housing assistance for households with mixed citizenship/eligible-immigration status. Authoritative legal text for noncitizen eligibility rules in HUD housing programs.

eCFR Title 24 - Housing and Urban Development

Continuously updated electronic Code of Federal Regulations Title 24, the full body of HUD regulations governing public housing, Section 8 vouchers, fair housing, CoC homeless assistance, and related programs.

USICH — Housing First Resources & Federal Strategic Plan

USICH's hub describing its statutory role in creating the national strategic plan to prevent and end homelessness, with links to the full text of each federal plan from 2010 onward. The authoritative entry point for U.S. federal homelessness strategy.

All In FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions About the Federal Strategic Plan

FAQ explaining implementation of 'All In,' covering Housing First, equity (targeted universalism), collaboration, prevention for at-risk groups (foster youth, Veterans, DV survivors), and accountability/annual progress reporting toward the 25% reduction goal.

All In: Improve the Effectiveness of Homelessness Response Systems

Strategy section of the federal plan outlining six approaches to strengthen local homelessness response systems: ending unsheltered homelessness, reforming coordinated entry, expanding non-congregate shelter, cross-sector coordination, housing problem-solving, and removing eligibility/documentation barriers.

All In: The Federal Strategic Plan to Prevent and End Homelessness (101 Slides)

Slide-deck overview of 'All In,' the federal strategic plan to prevent and end homelessness, organized around six pillars (equity, evidence, collaboration; housing/supports, homelessness response, prevention). Lays out the federal goal of reducing homelessness 25% by 2025 with ~30 strategies and 180 actions.

All In: The Federal Strategic Plan to Prevent and End Homelessness (Framework & Implementation)

Federal interagency strategic plan setting a goal to reduce homelessness 25% from the 2022 Point-in-Time count by 2025, with measurable implementation work plans, outputs, and outcomes.

Home, Together: Federal Strategic Plan to Prevent and End Homelessness (FY2018-2022)

The FY2018-2022 federal strategic plan to prevent and end homelessness (predecessor to All In), a reference for prior federal homelessness goals and frameworks.

Reducing Criminal Justice System Involvement Among People Experiencing Homelessness (USICH)

Federal guidance/fact sheet outlining strategies to reduce the intersection of the criminal justice system and homelessness, including decriminalization, reentry programs, and removing housing barriers for people with records.

USICH Federal Strategic Plan to Prevent and End Homelessness (All In)

USICH directory cataloging federal legislation, funding streams, and programs across 18 agencies that address homelessness, organized into targeted and non-targeted programs, anchoring the federal strategic plan to prevent and end homelessness.

USICH — Housing First Checklist

USICH primary checklist defining Housing First, confirming it explicitly rejects 'housing readiness' assessments that historically screened out the most vulnerable, and laying out the core low-barrier principles.

Building Connections to Housing During Reentry (OJP/NIJ)

March 2023 report (NCJ 306569) presenting survey findings from state Department of Corrections reentry coordinators on housing policies, homelessness-risk screening, interagency collaboration, and post-release housing gaps.

21st Century ROAD to Housing Act (section-by-section)

2026 federal housing law (chaired by Sen. Tim Scott) creating a standing HUD disaster-recovery office and program, plus rural rental, manufactured-housing, shelter-flexibility, and institutional-investor provisions.

USICH Federal Strategic Plan: Use Data and Evidence to Make Decisions

The data-and-evidence pillar of the federal plan, laying out which federal data sources (PIT, HMIS, racial-disparity inflow/length-of-time/placement metrics) the government prioritizes and how it intends to expand HMIS coverage of unsheltered homelessness.

HUD — FY2024/FY2025 CoC and YHDP NOFO (FR-6800-N-25)

The combined FY2024/FY2025 CoC NOFO (released Nov 13, 2025; ~$3.918B) later challenged in NAEH v. HUD.

HUD — FY2026 CoC and YHDP NOFO (CPD-2600-DC-0025) full text

The primary FY2026 CoC and YHDP Grants NOFO document with eligible-applicant types, match requirements, FMR and grant-term rules, and merit-review scoring.

Executive Order 14321 — govinfo (DCPD-202500793)

GovInfo compilation record for EO 14321, confirming Federal Register publication (July 29, 2025; 90 FR 35817; FR doc 2025-14391).

$10,000 SBA EIDL advance

USAspending.gov award record for a $10,000 SBA EIDL advance issued in 2020, identified as the only federal award traced to the provider in question.

Va — GPD Award List Per Diem Only

VA FY2024 Grant and Per Diem award list (PDF) recording ABCCM as a grantee for 158 veteran shelter beds under CFDA 64.024, confirming the Veterans Restoration Quarters is publicly funded for shelter.

VA Research - Homelessness Topic Page

VA Office of Research & Development overview of veteran-homelessness research, summarizing prevalence, risk factors, and intervention outcomes including Housing First retention and the effects of dental care, legal services, and military sexual trauma.

AMA Journal of Ethics — Deinstitutionalization of People with Mental Illness: Causes and Consequences (2013)

Authoritative review of U.S. deinstitutionalization history and its consequences (homelessness, incarceration), with bed-ratio statistics relevant to the institutionalization debate.

All That CHAS: Use Cases for the Comprehensive Housing Affordability Strategy Dataset

A January 2025 PD&R Edge spotlight explaining how to use HUD's CHAS dataset, the special tabulation that is the standard source for housing cost burden broken out by income band. It walks the HAMFI income categories, from 30 percent of area median income and below up through above 100 percent, points to the detailed data downloads and data dictionaries, and warns about comparing cost-burden variables across different CHAS tables. Worth reading before quoting a cost-burden figure for a county. Cited at archives.huduser.gov; the same article is served under www.huduser.gov/archives/. huduser.gov returns an empty body to automated fetchers, so the URL, exact title and content details were confirmed by WebSearch.

Accessing and Using Census Data for Housing Research (PD&R Edge)

PD&R Edge featured article (Feb 19, 2026) explaining how housing researchers can access and use Census Bureau data sources for housing analysis, surveying the key surveys and tools relevant to housing affordability and need.

HHS Press Release - Secretary Kennedy Announces Over $700M New Funding to Address Mental Illness, Addiction, Homelessness

June 2026 HHS announcement of over $700 million in behavioral-health funding including the STREETS program, CCBHC expansion, 988 Lifeline, and substance-use and mental-health supports, tied to the federal shift toward treatment-first homelessness policy.

HUD News Release HUD NO. 25-132 (CoC reforms)

HUD news release announcing Continuum of Care reforms that redirect funding emphasis from Housing First / permanent supportive housing toward transitional housing and supportive services, redefining success by self-sufficiency and recovery.

A Snapshot of HUD-Assisted Households (PD&R Edge featured article)

HUD PD&R Edge feature (June 11, 2018) summarizing the characteristics of households served by HUD rental-assistance programs, drawn from the Picture of Subsidized Households data. Profiles who lives in subsidized housing and the role of landlords and public housing agencies.

Food Insecurity Screenings Connect Veterans to Resources

VA News article describing the VA's food-insecurity screening (added to the homelessness screener in 2017) and reporting USDA-derived prevalence of food insecurity among working-age veterans.

Veteran Homelessness Continues Downward Trend (2025 PIT Count)

VA News article reporting that veteran homelessness has fallen 56% since 2010, based on the 2025 Point-in-Time (PIT) Count released by HUD in May 2026.

CoC GIS Tools

Annual GIS toolkits HUD posts for each CoC, bundling boundaries, HUD geocodes, Preliminary Pro Rata Need, HIC data, and Census demographics so communities can map and evaluate their homeless-response geography.

Stella P (Stella Performance) and System Modeling

HUD's analysis tool that turns a CoC's LSA data into visual performance maps, letting communities see length of time homeless, exits to permanent destinations, and returns to homelessness, and model an optimized system.

2023 CoC GIS Toolkits

GIS mapping toolkits for Continuums of Care to map homelessness, housing inventory, and population data within their geography for planning and resource targeting.

Understanding CoC System Performance by Household Types Using Stella P

HUD's Stella Performance Module (Stella P) guidance and tooling for visualizing Continuum of Care homeless system performance by household type and population group, built on Longitudinal Systems Analysis (LSA) data.

Grants.gov - Federal Grant Search

Official federal portal to discover and apply for grant opportunities, including housing, homelessness, food security, and social-services funding from HUD, USDA, HHS, and other agencies, for eligible organizations.

BJA Corrections & Reentry Topic Hub

Topic hub aggregating BJA's corrections and reentry programs, including behavioral-health collaboration, substance-use treatment, and housing/reentry demonstrations relevant to the social determinants of justice-involved homelessness and instability.

BJA Smart Reentry: Housing Demonstration Program

Federal grant program addressing the housing needs of justice-involved individuals returning to the community, directly linking reentry, homelessness prevention, and housing stability.

CDC Stacks repository

CDC's free public archival repository of CDC-published scientific products, journal articles, guidelines, MMWR reports, and recommendations, searchable by topic including homelessness, food insecurity, and social determinants of health.

HUD's FY2026 Continuum of Care Program Competition (CRS Insight IN12709)

Congressional Research Service explainer on the FY2026 CoC competition: the statutory framework under the McKinney-Vento Act, the appropriations directives Congress attached, the changes HUD made in the FY2026 NOFO, and the litigation history over the FY2024-25 and FY2025 notices. The neutral reference document for how the FY2026 competition is supposed to work.

Continuum of Care (CoC) Program Hub

HUD's central page for the Continuum of Care program, the governance and funding structure through which nearly all federal homelessness data is generated and reported at the community level.

HMIS: Homeless Management Information System

HUD's hub for the local information systems CoCs use to collect client-level data on people experiencing homelessness; defines the data standards (Universal and Program-Specific Data Elements) that make national reporting comparable.

Homelessness Data (HUD Exchange landing)

The umbrella entry point linking all of HUD's homelessness data products (PIT/HIC, AHAR, System Performance Measures, Stella, LSA, performance profiles), useful as a navigation hub for the entire federal homelessness data ecosystem.

The effectiveness of assertive community treatment for homeless populations with severe mental illness: a meta-analysis

Coldwell and Bender meta-analysis (indexed on NCBI Bookshelf) comparing assertive community treatment to standard case management for homeless people with severe mental illness, finding meaningful reductions in homelessness and symptom severity.

24 CFR 578.7 - Establishing and operating a Continuum of Care

The regulation setting out what a Continuum of Care must do, including the point-in-time count requirement itself. It is the controlling authority for what the January count is legally obliged to collect, and therefore for what it structurally cannot see.

24 CFR 578.89 - Limitation on use of grant funds to serve persons defined as homeless under other federal laws

The cap on serving families and unaccompanied youth who are homeless under another federal law's definition rather than HUD's literal-homelessness categories, which is the door through which doubled-up families with children could otherwise reach HUD assistance. It explains why that route stays small regardless of need, and why no count of the children who use it exists.

Does housing chronically homeless adults lead to social integration?

Tsai, Mares, and Rosenheck (Psychiatric Services, 2012) studying the Collaborative Initiative to Help End Chronic Homelessness, finding housing gains but persistent social isolation, evidence on the limits of housing-alone interventions.

SAMHSA Certified Community Behavioral Health Clinics (CCBHC) Page & Criteria

SAMHSA's CCBHC program hub describing the model, the nine core services, certification criteria, and expansion-grant pathways relevant to integrating behavioral health with homelessness services.

Secretary Kennedy Announces $100 Million Investment in Great American Recovery (WTAS)

HHS 'What They Are Saying' release accompanying Secretary Kennedy's announcement of a $100 million investment under the Great American Recovery initiative, with the STREETS program funding outreach, psychiatric care, and medical stabilization to connect homeless Americans to treatment and housing.

HHS Family and Youth Services Bureau - Runaway and Homeless Youth Program

The federal program that funds shelter and services for unaccompanied youth, through four components: Basic Center (short-term shelter for youth under 18), Transitional Living (ages 16 to 21), Street Outreach (under 22), and Maternity Group Homes. This is the hub for program structure, grant announcements, the governing regulations, and the National Runaway Safeline. It matters because youth homelessness runs on a separate federal funding track from HUD's Continuum of Care system, so HUD data alone will not describe it. Host moved from acf.hhs.gov to acf.gov; the page returns 403 to automated fetchers and was confirmed by WebSearch.

HUD Family Options Study (landing page + reports)

HUD's 2,282-family randomized trial comparing long-term subsidies, rapid rehousing, transitional housing and usual care for homeless families. The evidence that ordinary long-term subsidies, without intensive services, resolve family homelessness.

HUD FY2026 Continuum of Care NOFO fact sheet

HUD's own two-page case for the FY2026 CoC competition rewrite: competition share, the transitional-housing set-aside, and the framing numbers. Advocacy-toned but the primary statement of what the new notice does.

HUD FY2026 Continuum of Care Program Competition NOFO (full text)

The primary-source FY2026 CoC Program Competition notice of funding opportunity: the $4.04B competition whose 60% Tier 1, $1.3B transitional-housing/SSO set-aside, and treatment-participation scoring drive the current exposure for permanent-supportive-housing renewals. The document every secondary account of the FY2026 rules should be checked against.

HUD Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity (FHEO)

HUD office that administers and enforces federal fair housing laws (Fair Housing Act, etc.), provides complaint filing, and publishes guidance and data on housing discrimination.

HUD Continuum of Care (CoC) Program

HUD's primary competitive program funding local efforts to rehouse people experiencing homelessness; the framework that produces nationwide Point-in-Time, HMIS, and Housing Inventory Count homelessness data.

HUD Multifamily Housing Programs

HUD hub describing FHA multifamily mortgage insurance, special-needs housing (Section 202 elderly, Section 811 disability), and supportive-services programs that fund and preserve affordable multifamily rental housing.

HUD Office of Public and Indian Housing (PIH)

Landing hub for HUD's Public and Indian Housing programs, including public housing and the Housing Choice Voucher (Section 8) program, with links to program rules, guidebooks, and the HCV data dashboard.

Fair Market Rents (PD&R Ongoing Research Page)

HUD PD&R landing page describing the Fair Market Rents program, how FMRs are estimated for metropolitan areas and nonmetropolitan counties, and links to current and historical FMR data, methodology, and the documentation system. Authoritative reference on how rental-cost standards for federal housing assistance are produced.

HUD Public and Indian Housing - Tribal Housing Resources

HUD resource hub for tribal housing entities covering the major Native American housing programs (IHBG, Section 184/184A, ICDBG, Title VI), regulatory guidance, income limits, and a national tribal housing directory.

HUD PD&R Edge - research article archive

The back catalogue of PD&R Edge research articles, which are HUD's own short write-ups of its research findings and data products. It is the practical way to find a HUD explainer on a specific dataset or study rather than approaching the raw dataset cold. Older Edge material also sits at archives.huduser.gov/PORTAL/pdredge/, alongside parallel archives for the Trending, Sustainability, In Practice and International & Philanthropic series. huduser.gov serves an empty body to automated fetchers; the URL and title were confirmed by WebSearch.

HUD User (PD&R Information Service)

HUD's primary clearinghouse for housing and community-development research, datasets, and tools. Hosts Fair Market Rents, Income Limits, CHAS data, the LIHTC database, Worst Case Housing Needs reports, and the PD&R Edge research magazine.

VA Homeless Help (Veterans Affairs)

Official VA resource hub for homeless or at-risk veterans, routing them to programs including HUD-VASH, SSVF, Grant & Per Diem, and Health Care for Homeless Veterans via a 24/7 call center (877-424-3838) and online chat.

VA Housing Assistance

VA central hub for veteran housing benefits, linking VA-backed home loans, housing-modification grants for service-connected disabilities, foreclosure-prevention help, and homeless-assistance resources.

VA National Center on Homelessness Among Veterans (NCHAV) - Research

Research center within the VA Homeless Programs Office producing briefs, publications, and reports on veteran homelessness across topics including housing interventions, health-care access, justice-involved veterans, unsheltered homelessness, and trauma-informed care.

Homelessness: Actions to Help Better Address Older Adults' Housing and Health Needs (GAO-24-106300)

September 2024 GAO report on the distinct housing and health needs of older adults experiencing homelessness, drawing on interviews with dozens of providers and stakeholders. Documents the accessibility and care gaps that standard shelter and housing responses miss for people 55 and older.

Homelessness: Agency Actions Could Improve Data on Shelter Program Use (GAO-26-107502)

December 2025 GAO audit of how HUD produces national homeless-shelter estimates and where the underlying data collection falls short. Reports to the House Financial Services Committee and Senate Special Committee on Aging with recommendations to improve coverage and quality of shelter-use data.

Veteran Homelessness Programs: Opportunities to Improve Data Collection and Establish an Evaluation Plan (GAO-26-107517)

March 2026 GAO audit of VA veteran-homelessness programs, focused on HUD-VASH case-management capacity, affordability pressure on vouchers, and the absence of a documented evaluation plan. Finds data gaps that limit VA's ability to gauge unmet need.

U.S. Interagency Council on Homelessness (USICH) data & reports

The independent federal agency that coordinates the national response to homelessness and publishes the Federal Strategic Plan; a key source for federal policy context, data-use guidance, and the metrics the federal government tracks.

All In: All Inside Initiative (Unsheltered Homelessness)

USICH initiative under the federal strategic plan focused on reducing unsheltered and encampment-based homelessness through intensive federal-local partnerships in selected communities.

Housing First for Youth Who Experience Homelessness: A Systematic Review

2025 systematic review synthesizing peer-reviewed evidence on Housing First for Youth (HF4Y) programs, covering housing stability, health, food security, and cost. One of the few evidence syntheses focused specifically on homeless youth rather than chronically homeless adults.

Florida HB 1365

Florida Senate legislative staff analysis of HB 1365 (2024), codified as Sec. 125.0231, Fla. Stat., signed March 20, 2024 and effective Oct. 1, 2024. Details the prohibition on counties and municipalities allowing public camping or sleeping and the certification rules for limited designated sites.

Florida HB 1365, effective Oct 1, 2024 as Fla. Stat. 125.0231, prohibits counties and muni

Florida Statute 125.0231, enacted via HB 1365 and effective Oct. 1, 2024 (enforcement provision Jan. 1, 2025), barring counties and municipalities from allowing public camping or sleeping; permits limited designated sites only with state certification and authorizes residents and the AG to sue to enforce.

Georgia SB 62

Official text of Georgia SB 62 (2023-2024 session), effective July 1, 2023, which bars local governments from adopting policies that prevent enforcement of public-camping and sleeping bans and directs state-level oversight of local homelessness response.

Missouri HB 1606

Missouri Revised Statutes Section 67.2300 (added by HB 1606, 2022), which barred unauthorized sleeping, camping, or long-term shelters on state-owned land as a Class C misdemeanor. The page notes the section was declared unconstitutional in Byrd v. State of Missouri (2023) for violating the single-subject rule.

Missouri SB 1336

Full text of Missouri SB 1336 (2024, Sen. Rehder), a standalone bill repealing and reenacting section 67.2300 to set a public camping ban and redirect homelessness funding; it died in committee.

Missouri Senate — SB1106

Introduced text of Missouri SB 1106 (2022, 101st General Assembly), an alternative Senate vehicle that would have added Section 67.2300 to direct state homelessness funds toward camping facilities and short-term shelters and restrict unauthorized camping on state land.

Camping on highway shoulders/berms or under a bridge or overpass is a Class C misdemeanor

Tennessee General Assembly bill record for SB 1610 (substituted by HB 978), enacted as Public Chapter 986 effective July 1, 2022. Makes camping on highway shoulders, berms, or under overpasses a Class C misdemeanor and expands the Equal Access to Public Property Act to make camping on public property a Class E felony.

HB 811 full text

Full text of Tennessee House Bill 811, the state legislation creating criminal exposure tied to drug-zone or related provider conduct (source legislative PDF).

HB 1925 created Government Code Ch. 2306 Subchapter PP

Enrolled (final) text of Texas HB 1925, effective Sept. 1, 2021, establishing Government Code Ch. 2306 Subchapter PP: a political subdivision may not designate property for homeless camping without a TDHCA-approved plan (no public parks), with the department deciding within 30 days, plus the Class C misdemeanor camping offense.

Texas HB 1925

Texas Senate Research Center analysis of HB 1925 (87th Legislature), the statewide public-camping ban effective Sept. 1, 2021. Explains the new Class C misdemeanor for camping in a public place without consent, exceptions, officer outreach duties, and the bar on local non-enforcement policies.

Texas HB 1925

Introduced text of Texas HB 1925 (87R), the statewide public-camping ban effective Sept. 1, 2021. Adds Penal Code Sec. 48.05 making it a Class C misdemeanor to camp in a public place without consent and bars local governments from discouraging enforcement, with AG injunctive authority and grant-fund penalties.

Texas HB 1925, the first state version of the Cicero model signed into law, was enacted Ju

Texas Legislature bill-history page for HB 1925, the first state version of the Cicero camping-ban model, signed June 15, 2021 and effective Sept. 1, 2021; it bans camping in public places statewide, creates a criminal offense, and lets political subdivisions designate camping property.

Austin's official open-data dashboard tracks Proposition B Camping Ban Offenses

City of Austin open-data dataset (qc59-phn7) tracking Proposition B Camping Ban Offenses, recording citations, arrests, and warnings issued under Austin's reinstated public-camping ban by date for public download and analysis.

King County Regional Affordable Housing Dashboard

Nonpartisan government data dashboard tracking cost burden and affordability gaps across King County, Washington. Data only.

Austin's encampment-closure work runs largely through its Housing-focused Encampment Assis

City of Austin page describing the Housing-focused Encampment Assistance Link (HEAL) initiative, begun February 2021, which closes the most unsafe encampments by offering residents crisis-shelter relocation, case management, and housing support rather than relying on citations.

Florida HB 1365 — Unauthorized Public Camping and Public Sleeping (Fla. Stat. 125.0231)

Florida's statewide camping/sleeping ban (effective Oct 1, 2024), the model statute for state-level camping bans after Grants Pass; bars localities from authorizing public camping and creates a private right of action. (State law; cited nationally as a template.)

Missouri Senate bill-tracking record for SB 1336

Missouri Senate bill-tracking record for SB 1336 (2024), showing the sponsor, actions, and committee status for the camping-ban and funding-redirection measure.

Missouri Senate — BillList

Missouri Senate bill-list page for the regular session, the official tracker of legislation introduced in the chamber that term. Live database page; summary from publisher and URL.

TDHCA implements HB 1925 Subchapter PP via the Homeless Individual Camping

Texas Department of Housing and Community Affairs program page implementing HB 1925 Subchapter PP through Homeless Individual Camping (HIC) Plans. Political subdivisions submit plans (campingplans@tdhca.texas.gov) under Gov. Code 2306 and 10 TAC 1.8; the page lists all submissions and TDHCA determinations.

OECD Housing and Affordable Housing Database

OECD's cross-national housing hub and Affordable Housing Database providing comparable indicators on housing costs, conditions, homelessness, and policy across member countries.

European Commission - Combatting Homelessness / Social Inclusion

European Commission policy hub on social protection and inclusion, including the European Platform on Combatting Homelessness and the 2021 Lisbon Declaration committing EU member states to ending homelessness by 2030.

42 U.S.C. 11374: Emergency Solutions Grants eligible activities and the emergency-shelter spending cap

McKinney-Vento sec. 415, which lists what Emergency Solutions Grant money may be spent on and caps the share that may go to emergency shelter and street outreach. This cap is the constraint the 21st Century ROAD to Housing Act made waivable for FY2027-2030.

The Count - Voices of Youth Count Policy Brief

Policy brief from the Voices of Youth Count initiative on accurately counting youth homelessness, examining the limits of point-in-time counts and presenting national prevalence-based estimates and methods for better local enumeration.

Voices of Youth Count Report (full PDF)

Full-length national report from the Voices of Youth Count study documenting the scale and lived experience of youth and young-adult homelessness across the U.S.

Voices of Youth Count: Missed Opportunities - Youth Homelessness in America

National research initiative (Voices of Youth Count) estimating the prevalence and characteristics of youth and young-adult homelessness in the United States.

Voices of Youth Count: National Report (Missed Opportunities)

The most comprehensive national study of youth homelessness prevalence, based on a survey of 26,000+ U.S. households in 2016-2017. Reports the share of teens and young adults who experience homelessness over a year.

Bernard E. Harcourt

Columbia Law School scholarship page for Bernard Harcourt's 2011 paper drawing on the 1960s deinstitutionalization of mental hospitals as a lesson for reducing mass incarceration. He argues for mental-health treatment, diversion, and litigation while warning against reproducing racial disparities or simply shifting people to new institutions.

Housing First: State of the Science (2025 evidence synthesis)

Current synthesis of the Housing First evidence base building on Tsemberis's Pathways model, summarizing randomized-trial and meta-analytic findings on housing stability, cost, and well-being.

America's Rental Housing 2026

Harvard Joint Center for Housing Studies' America's Rental Housing 2026 report on the state of the U.S. rental market. It reports national asking rents fell about 0.6 percent year over year, the first decline since 2021, while affordability pressures on lower-income renters persist.

Brendan O'Flaherty, "Making Room: The Economics of Homelessness"

Harvard University Press page for Brendan O'Flaherty's Making Room: The Economics of Homelessness (1996), an economic analysis treating homelessness as a problem of housing markets and supply. It examines how rising rents and a shrinking low-cost housing stock produce homelessness.

Housing America's Older Adults 2023

Harvard Joint Center for Housing Studies' Housing America's Older Adults 2023 report on the housing conditions of the aging population. It finds 58 percent of older renters and 43 percent of older mortgaged owners cost-burdened, with about 11.2 million cost-burdened older adults, up from 9.7 million in 2016.

The State of the Nation's Housing 2026

Flagship annual report on U.S. housing markets and affordability, documenting cost burdens, homeownership, rents, supply, and homelessness trends.

Criminalization And Forced Treatment Undermine Real Solutions To Homelessness (Health Affairs Forefront)

Health Affairs Forefront commentary by Kyle Moon, Leah Robinson, Craig Evan Pollack and Sabriya L. Linton, published August 11, 2025, arguing that criminalization and forced or coerced treatment undermine real solutions to homelessness, and that the evidence-based alternative remains permanent housing paired with voluntary, accessible services. DOI 10.1377/forefront.20250806.252632, which is the durable identifier: the page carries no rel=canonical and its own og:url still declares the older /do/10.1377/forefront.20250806.252632/full/ form, so both path forms resolve.

What Is SNAP? And Why Does It Matter?

Johns Hopkins public-health explainer on what SNAP is and why it matters, drawing on USDA data. It reports roughly 41.7 million people per month received SNAP in FY2024 at about $99.8 billion in spending, and describes the program's role against hunger.

The State of the Nation's Housing

Flagship annual report on U.S. housing markets and affordability, documenting cost burdens, rents, home prices, supply, and homelessness. A reference-class source for housing-affordability statistics.

Learning About Homelessness Using Linked Survey and Administrative Data

The definitive linked-administrative-data study of homelessness and work, matching the 2010 Census homeless enumeration to IRS and W-2 earnings records. The best source on how much homeless people actually work, and the one most often misread: its earnings shares are ANY formal earnings in the calendar year, not sustained monthly hours. Read the key datapoints before citing it.

NBER Working Paper 32323 - Homelessness and the Persistence of Deprivation

First large nationally representative study of homeless adults, linking the 2010 Census to administrative tax and benefit records. Finds homelessness is rooted in long-term severe deprivation rather than sudden shocks, with most homeless adults connected to the labor market or safety net yet persistently very poor.

NBER Working Paper 31843 - Life and Death at the Margins of Society

Examines mortality of the U.S. homeless population using linked Census and administrative records, quantifying excess mortality and shortened life expectancy among people experiencing homelessness.

NBER Working Paper 26232 - Reducing and Preventing Homelessness

A review of the evidence on interventions to reduce and prevent homelessness and a research agenda. Synthesizes findings on emergency financial assistance, rapid re-housing, permanent supportive housing, and Housing First.

Pdx — Cost comparison of congregate motel and village type shelt

PDXScholar copy of Julia Stone's report comparing the costs of congregate, motel, and village-type shelters for people experiencing homelessness, used as a per-bed cost benchmark across shelter models.

Village Shelters

Portland State University's Homelessness Research and Action Collaborative page on its evaluation of tiny-home village and managed-camp shelter models such as Kenton Women's Village. Backed by a $184,800 grant, it studies how villages support residents' transition to permanent housing and for whom they work best.

Peer-reviewed cost benchmark

Peer-reviewed Journal of Social Distress and Homelessness study reporting Portland/Multnomah County FY2021-22 shelter operating costs per unit: about $16,654 for congregate shelter, $29,681 for village shelter, and $28,409 for motel shelter. Full text currently access-restricted.

Executive Order 14321 — American Presidency Project

Full text of EO 14321 (signed July 24, 2025), the executive order directing federal agencies to end support for Housing First and to condition housing assistance on participation in substance-use and mental-health treatment.

Homelessness Is a Housing Problem

University of California Press page for Homelessness Is a Housing Problem (Colburn and Aldern, 2022), which argues regional variation in homelessness stems mainly from housing-market conditions rather than individual factors. It uses city-to-city statistical comparison and finds homelessness inversely related to expectations around poverty and addiction rates.

Toward a New Understanding: The California Statewide Study of People Experiencing Homeless

UCSF Benioff report Toward a New Understanding, the California Statewide Study of People Experiencing Homelessness (CASPEH, 2023), the largest representative U.S. homelessness study since the mid-1990s. It documents pathways into homelessness and finds many begin drug use only after losing housing, with about one in five who wanted treatment unable to access it.

Ucsf — homelessness.ucsf.edu

Home page of the UCSF Benioff Homelessness and Housing Initiative, a research center producing policy-oriented studies on the causes and consequences of homelessness for local, state, and national leaders. It aims to turn evidence into action through data-driven recommendations.

Homelessness Is a Housing Problem (2022)

Book-length cross-city analysis showing that per-capita homelessness tracks housing cost and availability rather than poverty, addiction, or weather. Foundational to the 'housing problem' framing.

Public Service Reductions Associated with Placement of Homeless Persons with Severe Mental Illness in Supportive Housing (Culhane Report)

Landmark NYC study (the 'Culhane Report') merging placement records for 4,679 homeless persons with severe mental illness (1989-1997) with shelter, hospital, and corrections use to quantify the cost offsets of supportive housing.

Upenn — trump order to criminalize homelessness sparks alarm

Penn LDI research update on Executive Order 14321 criminalizing unsheltered homelessness, warning the order misidentifies the cause. It cites Dennis Culhane's view that the main driver is a shortage of affordable housing and that only 4 to 10 percent of Philadelphia's unhoused population sleeps on the street.

McChesney, "Family Homelessness: A Systemic Problem," JSI 46

Sclar-era research article by Kay Young McChesney in the Journal of Social Issues (1990) framing family homelessness as a systemic shortage of low-income housing, using the musical-chairs / housing-ratio model where demand outpaces affordable units.

Media and Professional Interest in Homelessness over 30 Years

2004 journal article on media and professional interest in homelessness over 30 years (1974-2003). It charts the rise of news coverage in the mid-1980s, a peak around 1987, and a subsequent decline, alongside trends in professional and research attention.

A peer-reviewed study of camping bans and other criminalization ordinances enacted 2000-20

Peer-reviewed Policy Studies Journal study (Lebovits and Sullivan) of camping bans and other criminalization ordinances enacted 2000-2021 across the 100 most populous U.S. cities, drawing on HUD Continuum of Care data. Full text currently behind a paywall.

Reducing Mass Incarceration: Lessons from Deinstitutionalization (Harcourt, 2011)

Scholarly analysis of the deinstitutionalization of state mental hospitals, with the population data documenting the mid-century decline. Source for the asylum-population figures behind the homelessness-origins narrative.

Chapin Hall at the University of Chicago

Policy research center producing applied research on child and family well-being, youth and family homelessness, and poverty. Home of the Voices of Youth Count national study on youth homelessness prevalence and risk factors.

Chapin Hall Youth Homelessness Impact Area

Research hub aggregating Chapin Hall's body of work on preventing and ending youth and young-adult homelessness, including the Voices of Youth Count reports, counting methodology, and policy briefs.

OpenICPSR / ICPSR social science data archive

Large open repository of social science datasets, including many on poverty, housing, food assistance, and homelessness program evaluations.

Terner Center for Housing Innovation

UC Berkeley research center (the terner.berkeley.edu host) producing data-driven research and tools on housing affordability, housing supply, development costs, and homelessness policy. Its housing-supply and cost analyses are widely cited authoritative sources on why housing is unaffordable.

California Statewide Study Investigates Causes and Impacts of Homelessness

UCSF announcement of the California Statewide Study of People Experiencing Homelessness, the largest representative study of homelessness in the U.S. since the mid-1990s, finding housing affordability and low income as dominant drivers.

Actionable Intelligence for Social Policy (AISP)

Penn initiative supporting state and local governments in building integrated data systems (IDS) that link housing, homelessness, safety-net, health, child-welfare, and justice data for policy analysis. Publishes governance, legal, technology, and racial-equity toolkits and maps 70+ partner data collaboratives.

Actionable Intelligence for Social Policy (AISP)

Penn-based national center (the relevant authoritative resource on the upenn.edu host) advancing integrated data systems and ethical use of administrative data for social policy, directed by homelessness-data pioneer Dennis Culhane. Its work underpins the federal requirement that jurisdictions maintain Homeless Management Information Systems (HMIS) to receive HUD funding.

Dennis P. Culhane — Homelessness & Housing Policy Research

Faculty research hub for Dennis Culhane, a leading homelessness and assisted-housing-policy researcher whose work uses linked administrative data to study chronic homelessness, shelter utilization, aging homeless populations, and veteran homelessness.

Aubry et al. 2020 — PSH and Housing First Outcomes (Lancet Public Health)

2020 Lancet Public Health systematic review of permanent supportive housing and income-assistance interventions for homeless people in high-income countries. It found such interventions improve housing stability, with supportive housing most effective for people with high support needs.

Increased Risk of Death Following Compulsory Substance Use Treatment

Boston University's peer-review-summarizing AOD Health publication reviews a Swedish cohort study finding sharply elevated mortality, especially in the first two weeks, after discharge from compulsory (involuntary) substance use treatment. Key evidence against forced-treatment approaches to addiction and homelessness.

Fresh Take Georgia — georgia senate passes bill targeting homelessness

Fresh Take Georgia report on the Georgia Senate passing legislation targeting homelessness by banning public camping and tying service-provider funding to measurable outcomes, drawing on the Cicero Institute model and prompting criminalization concerns from advocates.

UCSF Benioff Homelessness and Housing Initiative — CASPEH statewide study findings

Findings from the 2023 California Statewide Study of People Experiencing Homelessness (CASPEH), the largest representative survey of homeless adults since the 1990s, with authoritative mental-health and substance-use prevalence data. (Scope: California statewide; widely cited nationally.)

CASPEH — California Statewide Study of People Experiencing Homelessness

UCSF Benioff overview of the California Statewide Study of People Experiencing Homelessness (CASPEH, 2023), based on nearly 3,200 surveys and 365 interviews across eight regions. Its behavioral-health findings report that about 42 percent began regular drug use after becoming homeless and that one in five who wanted treatment could not access it.

UCSF Benioff Homelessness and Housing Initiative — Aging findings press release

Press release on aging findings from the California Statewide Study of People Experiencing Homelessness (CASPEH), the largest representative study of homelessness since the 1990s. Documents age of first homelessness episode among older adults.

HAC Infographics (rural poverty, homelessness, seniors, broadband)

HAC's Infogram channel of data infographics on rural America, including poverty in rural America, rural homelessness, rural seniors, the rural digital divide, Native American/Alaska Native housing, and natural-disaster impacts.

HUD Fair Market Rents (FMR) on PolicyMap

Mapped HUD Fair Market Rent and Small Area FMR data (2008-2026) by county subdivision and ZIP code, giving rental cost benchmarks used to set housing-assistance payment standards.

County Health Rankings - Severe Housing Problems Measure

County-level measure of the percentage of households with at least one of four severe housing problems, derived from HUD CHAS data. The standard definition used in community health and housing-need assessments.

State-by-State Homelessness and Housing Inventory Data Tools

State-level dataset and tools tracking the most recent homelessness counts and Housing Inventory Count (HIC) bed capacity, plus the share of beds supported by different federal funding sources. Companion to Urban's 'Homelessness and Housing Program Trends by State' tool.

Cities Leading the Way: Housing Case Studies from Four U.S. Cities

Case-study report documenting local housing-supply solutions in four cities, covering vacant-property activation, zoning reform for missing-middle housing, permitting streamlining, and coordinated homelessness funding.

Homelessness, Housing Markets, and Federal Policy: Local Lessons and Policy Implications

Report linking homelessness to housing-market affordability through local case studies (Chattanooga, Seattle, Salt Lake City) and analyzing federal policy implications and root causes.

"What's in the 21st Century ROAD to Housing Act?"

Bipartisan Policy Center explainer (March 2026) on the 21st Century ROAD to Housing Act, the Scott-Warren bipartisan bill, covering housing supply grants, small-dollar mortgages, manufactured housing, an institutional-investor limit, and RAD and Moving to Work reforms.

Bipartisanpolicy — inside the deal whats in the final 21st century road to hous

Bipartisan Policy Center issue brief on the final 21st Century ROAD to Housing Act, passed June 2026 (Senate 85-5, House 358-32). Details provisions on housing supply grants, single-stairway and manufactured housing, RAD expansion, and an institutional-investor restriction.

U.S. Opinions on Housing Affordability (poll)

National public-opinion poll (2,200 adults, May 2024) on housing affordability, rent/utility burden, homeownership interest, and perceptions of homelessness, with bipartisan policy-support breakdowns.

In Search of Shelter: The Growing Shortage of Affordable Rental Housing

Center on Budget and Policy Priorities report (1998) tracing the growing shortage of affordable rental housing, documenting the shift from a roughly 300,000-unit surplus of affordable units around 1970 to a widening national shortage.

Child Trends Foster Youth Housing Stability Data

Analysis of housing stability outcomes for foster youth, finding roughly two-thirds remain stably housed through age 21 (FY2024 data), drawn from federal foster-care outcome data.

Zero Returns to Homelessness Explainer

Explainer introducing the Zero Returns to Homelessness initiative, adapting the functional-zero homelessness measurement concept to people reentering communities after incarceration. Frames reentry housing as cross-system corrections + housing collaboration.

Protect SNAP: Stop Cuts to Food & Healthcare

Feeding America advocacy page opposing congressional cuts to SNAP, Medicaid, and Medicare. Reports that SNAP delivers nine times more meals than the charitable network, every $1 in benefits generates up to $1.50 in local economic activity, and less than 1% of benefits are misused.

SNAP issue area

Feeding America Action issue page describing SNAP as the nation's largest anti-hunger program. Reports SNAP served about 42 million people in 2023, provides nine meals for every one from food banks, and that each $1 in benefits generates an estimated $1.50 in economic activity.

Fact Sheet: The Crisis of Waitlists for Meals on Wheels

Meals on Wheels America fact sheet documenting the senior meal waitlist crisis. Reports nearly 46,000 seniors waiting nationally, one in three providers with a waitlist averaging 187 people, average waits near four months, and largest lists in TX, FL, GA, and the Carolinas.

State of the Meals on Wheels Network: 2025 Provider Benchmarking Report

Meals on Wheels America benchmarking report drawing on 628 providers surveyed in 2024. Finds 38% of home-delivery providers added seniors to waitlists (up from 28% in 2023), about 36,000 older adults waiting nearly 115 days, and nearly all providers acting on funding pressures.

Decades of research show enforcement/criminalization

National Alliance to End Homelessness blog arguing the evidence shows criminalization (camping bans, sweeps) does not reduce homelessness: it displaces people, destroys IDs and medications, and adds fines and arrest records that raise barriers to housing.

Ending Chronic Homelessness Saves Taxpayers Money

National Alliance to End Homelessness issue brief on the fiscal case for supportive housing. Estimates a chronically homeless person costs about $35,578 a year in public spending, versus roughly $12,800 in supportive housing, a cut of nearly 50%.

Missouri statewide homelessness rose during and after the camping-ban period: HUD Point-in

National Alliance to End Homelessness Missouri fact sheet on 2023 HUD point-in-time data, documenting that statewide homelessness rose roughly 12% and unsheltered homelessness about 24% from 2022 to 2023, the camping-ban period. PDF; summary from title and record.

National Alliance to End Homelessness — ceo corner week of march 3 2026

Weekly blog update from National Alliance to End Homelessness CEO Ann Oliva (March 3, 2026) reporting that a federal court kept a preliminary injunction blocking HUD's December 2025 Continuum of Care funding notice, a ruling HUD appealed the next day.

National Alliance to End Homelessness — Cost Savings from PSH

National Alliance to End Homelessness issue brief summarizing research that permanent supportive housing lowers public costs by reducing emergency room, hospital, jail, and shelter use among chronically homeless people.

NAEH — FY2026 Continuum of Care Competition NOFO Analysis

NAEH's detailed analysis of the FY2026 HUD CoC NOFO, documenting that Tier 1 is set at 60% of Annual Renewal Demand (down from ~90% in 2024), scoring rewards substance-use-treatment availability and treatment-participation requirements, and the application deadline (Aug 26, 2026).

NAEH — HUD Policy Changes Threaten Efforts to End Homelessness (97,000 at risk)

NAEH analysis (via its Homelessness Research Institute) estimating that the FY2026 CoC NOFO's 60%-of-ARD Tier 1 change will put at least 97,000 residents of CoC-funded permanent housing at risk of losing housing, explicitly framed as a low-end estimate.

National Alliance to End Homelessness — State of Homelessness

Annual State of Homelessness report with state-level dashboards, fact sheets, and policy briefs. The closest national peer in format and a standing data source for homelessness counts and rates.

The National Health Care for the Homeless Council summarizes the JAMA displacement modelin

National Health Care for the Homeless Council summary of a JAMA modeling study finding that involuntary displacement of people experiencing homelessness (sweeps, camping enforcement) may cause significant spikes in mortality, overdoses, and hospitalizations. Page not retrieved; summary from title and record.

NLIHC / Cushing Dolbeare — Changing Priorities (2002)

Historical analysis of federal housing budget authority in constant dollars, documenting the early-1980s collapse of subsidized housing funding. Primary source for the HUD budget-cut figures behind modern homelessness.

NLIHC Out of Reach 2025 - High Cost of Housing

Annual report documenting the 'Housing Wage' - the hourly wage a full-time worker must earn to afford a modest rental at HUD Fair Market Rent without spending over 30% of income, with state, metro, and county detail.

NLIHC — Out of Reach & The Gap (Housing Wage)

National low-income housing research and advocacy organization; the standing citation source for the housing wage (Out of Reach) and the affordable-rental-supply shortfall (The Gap). Also a co-plaintiff in NAEH v. HUD and a key analyst of HUD CoC NOFO funding shifts.

NLIHC — FY26 CoC NOFO Puts At Least 97,000 People at Risk of Losing Housing

NLIHC analysis estimating the displacement effect of the FY2026 CoC NOFO's redirect of funds away from permanent supportive housing toward transitional housing.

NLIHC — Trump Administration CoC Funding Notice Cuts PSH Funding (170,000 at risk)

NLIHC analysis of the FY2025 CoC NOFO's 30% cap on permanent supportive housing (down from ~87-90% in 2024), estimating as many as 170,000 people who rely on CoC assistance are at risk of returning to homelessness.

Nlihc — 2025 OOR FullReport

NLIHC Out of Reach 2025 report documenting the gap between wages and rents, finding a full-time worker must earn the national housing wage to afford a modest two-bedroom rental without being cost-burdened, with state and metro breakdowns.

Prisonpolicy — zones

Prison Policy Initiative analysis of drug-free school zones, arguing they fail as deterrents and create racial disparities; in one Massachusetts county Black residents were 26 times and Latinos 30 times as likely as whites to be convicted under the laws.

9 Facts About the Impending Senior Homelessness Crisis

Urban Institute Housing Matters article on rising older-adult homelessness. Reports the share of older adults in sheltered homelessness rose 37% between 2019 and 2022, nearly 150,000 adults over 55 experiencing homelessness, and cases could triple by 2030.

Analyzing the Costs and Offsets of Denver's Supportive Housing Program

Urban Institute fact sheet evaluating the Denver Supportive Housing Social Impact Bond initiative (July 2021). Measures cost offsets across homelessness, criminal justice, and health care systems and finds the housed group cost less while housing stability improved.

Denver Supportive Housing Social Impact Bond evaluation

Randomized evaluation of Housing First supportive housing in Denver, measuring housing stability and offsetting reductions in jail, shelter, and emergency service use. Frequently cited cost-effectiveness finding.

Addressing Unsheltered Homelessness through the Joint Transitional Housing-Rapid Rehousing Program

November 2025 Urban Institute research report on HUD's Joint Transitional Housing-Rapid Rehousing (Joint TH-RRH) component, which pairs time-limited transitional housing with rapid rehousing to reach unsheltered people who are not served well by a single model. Examines how the combined program is used and what it offers as a complement to Housing First.

President Trump's Executive Order on Homelessness: A Shift in Federal Policy

Bipartisan Policy Center analysis of Executive Order 14321, explaining how it breaks from two decades of Housing First federal consensus toward behavioral-health treatment and enforcement, and the implementation challenges that follow.

Summary of the HEARTH Act

Plain-language summary of the 2009 Homeless Emergency Assistance and Rapid Transition to Housing (HEARTH) Act, covering its expanded homelessness definition, Continuum of Care consolidation, and performance-based funding.

What is a Continuum of Care?

Explainer defining the HUD Continuum of Care (CoC) structure as the regional planning body that coordinates homelessness housing and services, with its history and core components.

Urban Institute — Five Ways the HEARTH Act Changed Homelessness Assistance

Urban Institute explainer on how the HEARTH Act reshaped federal homelessness assistance, useful background on the statutory framework behind the Continuum of Care program.

Urban Institute — Homelessness Is Solvable Only With Sufficient Investment in Housing

Evidence-led explainer arguing the affordable-housing shortage drives homelessness and citing the vouchers/permanent-supportive-housing evidence base. Standing citation source for the structural-causes framing.

Housing First Is Still the Best Approach to Ending Homelessness

Urban Institute Housing Matters synthesis defending Housing First against the claim that it drives rising homelessness, arguing the real causes are the affordable-housing shortage and inadequate wages. Summarizes evidence on housing stability and cost offsets.

CSG Justice Center

Nonprofit working with all 50 states on criminal-justice reform, including reentry-to-housing connections and recidivism data. Relevant to the intersection of incarceration, homelessness, and stable housing.

Housing First (Toolkits & Training Materials)

The National Alliance to End Homelessness's resource hub explaining the Housing First approach to ending homelessness, including the evidence base and implementation guidance. A primary advocacy/research clearinghouse on homelessness policy.

How Much Would It Cost to Provide Housing First to All Households Staying in Homeless Shelters?

NAEH cost analysis estimating the additional annual funding needed to place every household staying in a homeless shelter into Rapid Re-Housing or Permanent Supportive Housing, with a population breakdown. Quantifies the current gap between shelter throughput and permanent-housing capacity.

National Alliance to End Homelessness (NAEH)

Leading national homelessness policy organization producing the annual State of Homelessness report, state dashboards, fact sheets, and policy analyses; also lead plaintiff in NAEH v. HUD over the FY26 CoC NOFO.

National Alliance to End Homelessness — Cost of homelessness

NAEH research hub on the public cost of chronic homelessness. Standing credible peer/citation source for cost-of-homelessness figures.

Final HUD Spending Bill for FY26: Increased Funding for Rental and Homelessness Assistance

NLIHC's section-by-section read of the enacted FY2026 HUD appropriations bill, covering Continuum of Care, Homeless Assistance Grants, and tenant-based rental assistance. It is the reference for the statutory directives Congress attached to the FY2026 CoC competition, including the NOFO release and award deadlines and the floor on protected renewal funding.

RAND Center on Housing and Homelessness

RAND research center (est. 2021) conducting rigorous studies on housing affordability, homelessness, homelessness prevention, and intervention effectiveness, filling evidence gaps in U.S. housing and homelessness policy.

Urban Institute — Costs and Offsets of Denver's Supportive Housing Program (SIB evaluation)

Cost analysis attached to the Denver Social Impact Bond randomized supportive-housing evaluation: what the program cost per participant, how much of it was offset by reduced use of jails, shelters, ERs and detox, and the net cost of scaling to Denver's full chronically homeless population.

Overview of Housing Exclusion in Europe (annual report series)

Annual flagship report (co-published by FEANTSA and the Fondation Abbé Pierre) tracking housing exclusion, housing-cost burden, and homelessness trends across European countries, with cross-national statistics and policy analysis.

9th Overview of Housing Exclusion in Europe 2024

Annual FEANTSA/FAP report documenting housing exclusion and homelessness across Europe, with a 2024 focus on young people and children in inadequate or emergency housing.

FEANTSA - What is Homelessness (ETHOS Typology)

Authoritative reference defining homelessness and housing exclusion via the ETHOS (European Typology of Homelessness and Housing Exclusion) framework. Provides a transnational conceptual standard widely cited in homelessness research and policy.

Comparative Studies on Homelessness (EOH series)

Annual report series examining a single pan-European homelessness theme each year using questionnaires completed by national experts across countries. A model for cross-jurisdiction comparison of homelessness drivers and responses.

European Journal of Homelessness

Open-access peer-reviewed journal providing critical analysis of homelessness policy and practice across Europe (19+ volumes), produced by the European Observatory on Homelessness. FEANTSA also originated the ETHOS typology, the standard framework for classifying homelessness and housing exclusion internationally.

Homelessness (Our World in Data)

Data-driven overview of global homelessness measurement, comparing point-in-time and flow counts across OECD countries and explaining the definitional challenges that limit cross-country comparison.

FEANTSA (European Federation of National Organisations Working with the Homeless)

European confederation of homelessness-service organizations driving policy change and research, home to the European Observatory on Homelessness and the ETHOS typology of homelessness and housing exclusion. The leading non-US reference for homelessness frameworks.

European Observatory on Homelessness (EOH) Research Hub

Research arm of FEANTSA (the host feantsaresearch.org redirects here), the European homelessness federation, publishing the European Journal of Homelessness, comparative studies, and the annual Overview of Housing Exclusion in Europe. Provides the definitional and measurement framework used across Europe.

2025 NC Balance of State CoC PIT Summary (by County / by Region)

County- and region-level breakdowns of the 2025 Point-in-Time count for the NC Balance of State CoC (NC-503), the CoC that covers most rural Western NC counties affected by Helene.

NCCEH Mini PIT Dashboard (with Helene)

An interactive multi-year summary of Point-in-Time counts for the Durham, NC Balance of State, and Orange CoCs, including the Hurricane Helene impact on counts.

North Carolina Housing Finance Agency: Policy Matters (homelessness data blog)

NCHFA's analysis of the latest HUD AHAR data for North Carolina, summarizing statewide trends and the drivers (notably Hurricane Helene) behind the increase, with NC-specific figures.

Los Angeles Municipal Code Section 41.18 prohibits sitting, lying, sleeping, or storing/us

Full text of Los Angeles Municipal Code Section 41.18 on American Legal Publishing's code library, prohibiting sitting, lying, sleeping, or storing personal property in the public right-of-way, including within up to 500 feet of designated sensitive locations.

Tenn. Code § 39-14-414

FindLaw state-code page for Tenn. Code 39-14-414, the Equal Access to Public Property Act; a person is not guilty of the Class E felony unless an official responsible for the property notified them that camping is prohibited and they continued or returned within 24 hours.

Class E felony sentencing under Tenn. Code § 40-35-111

Justia codes page for Tenn. Code 40-35-111, the state sentencing statute; subsection (b)(5) sets Class E felony punishment at not less than one nor more than six years imprisonment, plus a fine not to exceed $3,000 unless otherwise provided.

Tennessee's 2022 law

Justia codes page for Tenn. Code 39-14-414, the 2022 expansion of the Equal Access to Public Property Act making camping on public property a Class E felony (up to six years, $3,000 fine) with restitution for property damage and a notice requirement before guilt.

ACLU — One Year Since Grants Pass: Tracking the Criminalization of Homelessness

ACLU page tracking the criminalization of homelessness in the two years since Grants Pass, reporting that over 350 cities passed bills criminalizing unhoused people following the June 2024 decision, with penalties up to thousands in fines and possible jail.

HUD CoC System Performance Measures (Public Tableau Dashboard)

HUD's interactive public dashboard visualizing all seven System Performance Measures at the CoC level since FY2019, allowing comparison of any community (including the Asheville/Buncombe and NC Balance of State CoCs) across measures and years.

ICPSR DataLumos

ICPSR's archive for preserving at-risk U.S. government data, providing permanent, citable copies of federal datasets deposited by researchers and by the Data Rescue Project. The main deposit repository behind current data-rescue efforts, so removed or discontinued Census/USDA/HUD data can often be recovered here.

"Capital Needs in the Public Housing Program"

HUD's 2010 capital-needs assessment of the public housing program, prepared by Abt Associates. It estimates the backlog of unmet repair and modernization needs across the nation's public housing stock, totaling roughly $26 billion in accrued capital needs.

Tennessee HB 978 / SB 1610

Affordable Housing Online news article on Tennessee's 2022 SB 1610/HB 978, the first state law making camping on public land a Class E felony (up to 6 years, $3,000 fine, lost voting rights); passed over 300 faith groups' opposition and became law without the governor's signature.

How Much Does It Cost To Operate Tiny Home Villages For People Experiencing Homelessness

A-Mark Foundation report on operating costs of Los Angeles tiny home villages, estimating a true cost of $80 to $90 per person per day for security, meals, and case management against about $60 in government funding, leaving a $20 to $30 daily gap.

Tiny Home Villages

A-Mark Foundation report analyzing nine Los Angeles tiny home villages, finding an average construction cost of $42,344 per bed (ranging about $32,712 to $65,783) plus roughly $20,075 per bed in annual operating costs.

AAP: Care for Children Facing Homelessness and Housing Insecurity

AAP policy statement providing clinical guidance for pediatricians caring for children and adolescents who are experiencing homelessness or housing insecurity, covering health risks and care-coordination recommendations.

Stable housing reduces recidivism, undercutting the deterrence rationale for camping bans

American Bar Association article arguing that post-Grants Pass, criminalizing homelessness is unlawful and ineffective; cites evidence that returning inmates without stable housing were about twice as likely to recidivate, undercutting the deterrence rationale for camping bans.

Coldwell & Bender (2007) — Effectiveness of Assertive Community Treatment for Homeless Populations with SMI (Am. J. Psychiatry)

Meta-analysis (10 studies, 5,775 subjects) finding Assertive Community Treatment gives significant advantages over standard case management in reducing homelessness and symptom severity; source of the commonly cited ~37%/~26% effect sizes.

Tsemberis, Gulcur & Nakae 2004 — Housing First RCT (AJPH)

Foundational randomized controlled trial (N=225 chronically homeless adults with dual diagnosis) comparing immediate Housing First vs treatment/sobriety-contingent control; Housing First was superior on housing retention with no clinical penalty and no increase in substance use.

Housing First, Consumer Choice, and Harm Reduction for Homeless Individuals With a Dual Diagnosis (Tsemberis et al. 2004)

Foundational NYC Housing First RCT (N=225 chronically homeless, mentally ill) establishing the model's housing-retention superiority and clinical safety.

Context: per the National Homelessness Law Center, in the year after the Supreme Court's G

American Psychological Association article on camping bans after Grants Pass v. Johnson (2024), noting the proliferation of criminalization laws and the psychological and behavioral harms of enforcement, with advocacy for alternatives over arrest-based approaches.

Closest like-for-like comparable

American Greatness report on Sacramento's River District safe-camping site for up to 125 people: about $2.5 million to build ($20,000 per space) and roughly $1.2 million per year to operate (about $9,600 per resident), offering tents, cots, showers, and 24-hour security.

Audit Sacramento Homeless Shelter Costs 192646000

AOL/Sacramento Bee coverage of a Sacramento homeless-shelter audit finding no strong link between the money spent on shelter operations and positive outcomes for residents, raising questions about how funds are allocated.

Prevalence and Correlates of Survival Sex Among Runaway and Homeless Youth

1999 American Journal of Public Health study on the prevalence and correlates of survival sex among runaway and homeless youth. It reported survival sex among roughly 28 percent of street youth and 10 percent of shelter youth, linked to greater victimization and health risk.

ARA Statistics

Finnish state housing agency statistics portal (formerly ARA, now Varke) providing annual homelessness data from the national housing market survey, including the "Homeless people" yearly reports; Finland has tracked homelessness annually since the 1980s.

Veterans Community Project Tiny Homes Homeless Vets

Association of the U.S. Army article on the Veterans Community Project, which builds tiny-home villages with wraparound services to house formerly homeless veterans and shift how veteran homelessness is addressed.

Avivo Village - Indoor tiny-home shelter in Minneapolis

Avivo's program page for Avivo Village, a Minneapolis indoor shelter of 100 private tiny houses with 24/7 staff and wraparound services; since opening in December 2020 it has served 851 people, moved 343 to permanent housing, and reversed 255 overdoses.

Avivo Village Faq

Avivo Village FAQ describing the low-barrier, harm-reduction tiny-house shelter in Minneapolis: each unit has a bed, desk and locking door, residents stay about 100 days on average, and the two-year pilot launched December 2020 at an estimated $8M cost.

The Emerging Crisis of Aged Homelessness

Culhane et al. report The Emerging Crisis of Aged Homelessness, the source of the projection that the population of older homeless adults will nearly triple by 2030 as the post-1955 birth cohort ages. Hosted on the author's SelectedWorks profile.

Porta Potty Rental Cost

BigRentz pricing guide for portable toilet rentals, covering standard and ADA-accessible units with daily, weekly, monthly, and event rate ranges plus the cost drivers (delivery, servicing, location) behind each.

Water Truck Rentals - Equipment and pricing

BigRentz equipment page for water truck rentals, listing tank capacities and non-potable spec options for dust control and site water supply, with rental pricing by truck size and rental period.

Oklahoma HB 1764

BillTrack50 tracking page for Oklahoma HB 1764 (2025), which expands the anti-camping ban to county and city land, keeps the $50/15-day penalty, requires a warning, bars citing first-time violators who accept help, lets localities opt out, and was marked dead in 2026.

Boulder City Council Eyes Safe Outdoor Space For Homeless People

Boulder Reporting Lab report on a city-council-floated sanctioned campground for about 30 people, with first-year build-plus-operating costs of $50,000 to $107,000 per person and roughly $50,000 per person in ongoing annual operating costs.

Cities can't punish outreach workers for helping homeless Californians under new law

CalMatters report on California SB 634 (Sen. Sasha Renee Perez), effective Jan. 1, 2026, barring cities from punishing outreach workers and nonprofits who give homeless people food, water, blankets, legal aid or medical care; a response to Fremont's 2025 aid/abet clause.

Fremont "aid/abet" ordinance; walked back, no charges

CalMatters follow-up on Fremont, California's citywide camping ban, which uniquely made it a misdemeanor to aid, abet, or conceal an encampment; the council kept the clause on a 6-1 vote after the city attorney said it targeted setup, not food distribution.

Homeless Encampment Ban

CalMatters article (April 11, 2024) examining whether San Diego's safe-sleeping program is a model for a camping ban; the O Lot site cost about $450,000 to set up and $8.2 million a year (about $56 per bed nightly) to host roughly 500 people in tents in Balboa Park.

City To Open Tiny Home Trailer Site For Homeless Residents In North Sacramento

CapRadio reports Sacramento's plan to open a tiny-home and trailer site for homeless residents on Roseville Road in North Sacramento, with an operating cost around $3.2M a year cited at opening.

Sacramento County Approves Homeless Safe Parking Program In North Highlands

CapRadio reports Sacramento County's November 2023 approval of a homeless safe-parking program in North Highlands run by City Net, with figures of roughly $3.5M and about $1.3M for a 30-space site.

Sacramento Opens Safe Camping Site Amid Questions About Homeless Services

CapRadio reports Sacramento opening a new safe-camping site in June 2026 amid questions about the effectiveness and cost of the city's broader homeless services.

Sacramentos X Street Shelter Has Served Nearly 800 People But Finding Them Housing Is A Bigger Challenge

CapRadio reports Sacramento's X Street shelter has served nearly 800 people across its 100 beds at about $4.6M a year, but finding residents permanent housing remains a bigger challenge than providing shelter.

Chcs — permanent supportive housing with housing first findings fro

Center for Health Care Strategies summary of a Community Guide systematic economic review of Housing First permanent supportive housing, finding a median intervention cost of $16,479 per person per year against $18,247 in benefits.

'Surplus shelter beds' argument: Cicero argues bans are reasonable because shelter capacit

Cicero Institute issue brief arguing public camping bans humanely redirect the unsheltered to existing shelters. Cites surplus capacity (Georgia: 7,302 vacant beds vs 5,245 unsheltered households; Utah: ~2,977 beds vs 780 households) and Austin/Phoenix outcomes.

After the 2023 ruling, the Missouri legislature considered re-passing the camping ban in a

Cicero Institute research page defending Missouri's HB 1606 homelessness reform, framing it as balancing expanded services (safe parking, sanctioned camping, tiny homes) with enforcement, while barring state funds for permanent supportive housing and tying contracts to outcomes.

Cicero Institute — Housing First Critique & Camping-Ban Model Legislation

Advocacy organization (founded by Joe Lonsdale) opposing Housing First and promoting treatment-first/abstinence-based policy and camping-ban model legislation adopted in multiple states. Contested advocacy source documenting the treatment-first policy position.

Cicero Institute — Rejecting Housing First (Oct 2024)

The founding anti-Housing-First brief underpinning the federal policy shift.

Rejecting Housing First: Why America's Homelessness Strategy Failed and How to Fix It

Cicero Institute report arguing that Housing First has failed, citing a roughly 30 percent rise in unsheltered homelessness over ten years despite a doubling of permanent supportive housing units. It proposes 14 alternatives including bans on street camping, expanded transitional housing, drug-free service zones, and easier involuntary treatment.

"Our History"

Coalition for the Homeless history page covering 1980s New York City homelessness and the Callahan v. Carey consent decree that established a legal right to shelter in 1981, later extended to women and to families with children.

Denver approves $17.8 million in homeless spending

Colorado Politics report that Denver City Council approved $17.8 million in homelessness contracts, including a $7.5M Colorado Village Collaborative amendment to operate outdoor sites for 110 households, plus a 60-tent site for up to 70 people.

The Economic Footprint Of Homelessness In Metro Denver

Common Sense Institute report estimating metro Denver spends about $481.2 million a year on homelessness ($434M in the city alone), or roughly $41,679 to $104,201 per person, exceeding Denver Public Schools per-pupil spending.

CDC Community Guide / CPSTF — Housing First Programs (Social Determinants of Health)

Official CPSTF recommendation page for Permanent Supportive Housing with Housing First, reporting a median 88% greater decrease in homelessness and median 41% greater housing stability versus comparison conditions, and that economic benefits exceed costs in the U.S.

The Last U.S. Hunger Data: termination of USDA Household Food Security report

CSIS analysis of the USDA's September 2025 decision to terminate its annual Household Food Security in the United States report after more than 25 years. It explains the loss of comprehensive national tracking of food-insecurity trends used to gauge how the economy and policy affect access to food.

Denvergov — homeless encampments april 2023 final

Denver Auditor's Office report (April 2023) auditing the city's homeless encampment response and spending; it documents encampment-response costs but publishes no per-person cost for Safe Outdoor Spaces, undercutting the circulated "$40,000-60,000 per person" claim.

Denver Homelessness Spending Audit

Denverite report on the 2026 city auditor (O'Brien) review of Denver homelessness spending, scrutinizing about $178.1 million outlaid across fiscal years 2023 to 2025 and how the city tracks costs and outcomes.

Supporting Safe Outdoor Spaces Solution Homelessness

Denver Public Library blog post supporting Safe Outdoor Spaces as a homelessness response, citing Colorado Village Collaborative's per-person cost of just under $25 per night to run its sanctioned tent sites.

Report: Denver homelessness spending tops $434 million annually

Denver VOICE report that service providers and agencies spend roughly $434 million a year on homelessness in Denver while the population rose about 25% over four years, drawing on FY2020 data excluding federal rescue funds.

1811 Eastlake JAMA study info (Larimer et al. 2009, DESC)

Information sheet on the 1811 Eastlake JAMA study of public-cost savings from housing chronically homeless persons with severe alcohol problems without an abstinence requirement.

Eden Village of Kansas City - Gated tiny-home community for the chronically homeless

Eden Village of Kansas City, a gated, fingerprint-access tiny-home community for chronically homeless and disabled adults run by Three Dog Nights Charities, pairing permanent housing with volunteer-staffed support and a community center.

Eden Village Springfield - Tiny-home community for the chronically homeless

Site of Eden Village Springfield, billed as America's first master-planned manufactured tiny-home community for chronically homeless and disabled people; opened August 2018 in a gated Springfield, Missouri neighborhood with a community center and shared services.

Eden Village USA - Tiny-home communities for the chronically homeless

Site of Eden Village USA, operating tiny-home communities for the chronically homeless in 10 cities under The Gathering Tree nonprofit; residents must show chronic homelessness and a disability and pay $300 monthly rent. Build cost is cited around $35k-$60k per home.

A JAMA study

EurekAlert (AAAS) press release on an April 2023 JAMA study (lead author Josh Barocas, CU Anschutz) using a computational model across 23 cities; involuntary displacement of unhoused drug users could cause up to a quarter of deaths in the population, with no scenario improving health.

First Step Communities - Sacramento shelter and interim housing operator

Site of First Step Communities, a Sacramento nonprofit running emergency shelter and interim housing including the North A Street campus, The Grove youth cabins, Roseville Road campus, and the 175-bed Stockton Blvd Safe Stay.

How much does it cost to rent portable toilets?

Fixr.com cost guide for portable toilet rentals: roughly $100-$500 per month long-term (about $175-$300 typical), handwashing stations around $155 per week, service visits $45-$60 each, and ADA-accessible units at a premium of $150-$225 daily.

Compulsory care of individuals with severe substance use disorders and alcohol- and drug-r

Swedish national-registry study of 25,125 adults assessed for substance use severity (1999-2019) linking compulsory care to mortality records. It found admission to compulsory care associated with higher substance-use-related mortality, with each 100 days raising the odds of death by roughly 41 to 48 percent.

WCRM self-statement: "not government-funded… past 43 years."

Western Carolina Rescue Ministries GoFundMe stating it runs without government funding, relying on individuals, businesses, and foundations for 43 years; raising funds after Hurricane Helene depleted reserves, scaling meals from 250 to 600 daily.

A systematic review of 26 studies found Housing First decreased homelessness by 88% and im

Good Good Good explainer on ending homelessness, citing a systematic review of 26 studies finding Housing First decreased homelessness by 88% and improved housing stability by 41% versus Treatment First programs, with practitioner commentary.

Houston's program costs roughly $18,000 per person per year, and about 90% of those housed

Governing article on how Houston cut homelessness 64% over 12 years (8,500 to 3,200 nightly) via The Way Home; housing a person costs about $18,000 a year, roughly a third to a quarter of street costs, and 90% remain housed after one year.

Kansas City Rethinks Homeless Policy As Unsheltered Rates Soar

Governing reports Kansas City rethinking homeless policy as unsheltered rates soar (95.7% of chronically homeless live unsheltered); the council approved a $1M Housing Gateway Program, modeled on Houston and Milwaukee, aiming to raise $10M and house 600 people in year one.

Project 2025 Mandate for Leadership — Chapter 15 (HUD)

The Project 2025 HUD chapter (authored by Ben Carson) calling to end Housing First, devolve HUD functions to states/localities, and roll back fair-housing and climate provisions. The doctrinal source for EO 14321 Sec 5. Advocacy/political source documenting the position.

Pool Water Delivery Cost

HomeGuide cost guide for bulk and pool water delivery, reporting roughly $30 to $100 per 1,000 gallons and about $200 to $600 per truckload, with rates varying by volume, distance, and water type.

A Bridge Home Venice Beach

Housing Innovation Collaborative deal profile of A Bridge Home Venice Beach, reporting an operating cost of $60 per bed per night (about $22,000 per bed per year) and a $56,000 per-bed development cost for its 154 beds.

Pbr Tfv Ebook

IFPO and Trackforce eBook benchmarking security officer pay against client bill rates, used to frame how contract guard staffing is priced across commercial and government work.

Flathead Warming Center

Institute for Justice case page on the Flathead Warming Center, the Kalispell, Montana shelter whose conditional-use permit the city revoked in 2024 on neighborhood-nuisance grounds; IJ sued and won a preliminary injunction letting it reopen.

2025 Homelessness Messaging Toolkit

Invisible People's tested 2025 toolkit for changing the public narrative on homelessness through first-person storytelling, with message recommendations grounded in audience testing.

Lawsuits Are Forcing Cities To Clear Homeless Encampments Even When No Shelter Exists

Invisible People analysis of a wave of nuisance lawsuits, accelerated by Grants Pass v. Johnson, pushing cities (Tucson, Phoenix, Burien, Dallas) to clear encampments even without shelter; over 320 new camping-restriction laws have followed.

A Village Under One Roof

Kolumn Magazine feature on Avivo Village, the 100-unit indoor tiny-home shelter in a converted Minneapolis warehouse; notes an estimated $8M pilot cost, $4.5M annual operations, and $1.6M in one-time 2025 city general-fund support for stabilization.

Lawsuit Filed Against Pearl District Homeless Shelter Over Neighborhood Conditions

KPTV report that ORO Apartments sued the City of Portland and operator Salvation Army over a 200-bed Pearl District shelter, alleging nuisance, negligence and inverse condemnation and seeking over $5 million plus a possible injunction or closure.

Lacity — 23 1348 rpt cao 03 28 25

Los Angeles City Administrative Officer report (council file 23-1348, March 2025) on the city's homelessness and interim-housing programs, including family interim-housing bed rates and program cost detail.

Lacity — 23 1348 rpt cao 12 06 24

Los Angeles City Administrative Officer report (Dec. 6, 2024) on Inside Safe and tiny-home interim housing per-bed rates, examining nightly costs rising from a $55 base toward roughly $79/$69 in Jan. 2025 and $116/$89 by July 2025 across program tiers.

Lacity — 23 1348 S1 rpt cao 5 23 25

Los Angeles City Administrative Officer report (council file 23-1348-S1, May 2025) updating the city's homelessness and encampment-related program costs, status, and interim-housing funding.

Lacontroller — homelessdashboard.lacontroller.app

LA City Controller's interactive homelessness dashboard tracking the FY25-26 budget and funding sources, 30,288 permanent supportive housing units and 17,859 interim beds (2025), plus performance metrics and maps by council district.

Lahsa — news

LAHSA update on the A Bridge Home interim-shelter program, reporting six operating sites with 339 beds and nine funded sites adding 799 more, with the county funding 600 beds at $50 per bed per night plus a $10 city service add-on.

Legistar — LegislationDetail

Denver Legistar legislation record for the Colorado Village Collaborative Safe Outdoor Spaces contract (HOST-202161622) and its amendments, totaling roughly $12.3 million cumulatively for the city's sanctioned outdoor encampment program.

Housing First and Homelessness: The Rhetoric and the Reality

Think-tank critique arguing that Housing First has evidence for individual housing retention but has not reduced homelessness at the community level, and questioning its cost-effectiveness relative to treatment-oriented models. A leading voice in the policy case for the federal 'Treatment First' turn; useful as the strongest sourced statement of the opposing position.

Manhattan Institute — New Model Legislation Overhauling Federal Homelessness Funding (Eide & Glock)

Manhattan Institute model legislation (Feb 2025) proposing to convert the CoC program to block grants and remove the Housing First mandate, part of the intellectual pipeline behind the federal shift. Advocacy source documenting the position.

Homelessness in America: The History and Tragedy of an Intractable Social Problem

Stephen Eide's 2022 book (Manhattan Institute), the intellectual rationale behind the treatment-first/anti-Housing-First policy position, framing homelessness across history and multiple policy domains.

Per the Florida Council on Homelessness 2025 Annual Report

Medium analysis citing the Florida Council on Homelessness 2025 Annual Report, which showed unsheltered homelessness falling 19.1% (16,868 in 2024 to 13,647 in 2025) after the camping ban, while warning displacement, not solutions, may explain it amid a 435,000-unit rental shortage.

Flathead Shelter To Reopen After Judge Issues Preliminary Injunction

Montana Free Press report on the preliminary injunction reopening the Flathead Warming Center, with Judge Dana Christensen finding Kalispell's permit revocation rested on a subjective, nebulous, and meaningless basis.

City Of Kalispell Settles Lawsuit Issues Apology Over Flathead Warming Center Closure

Montana Public Radio report that Kalispell settled the Flathead Warming Center suit, permanently restoring the shelter's permit, paying $140,000 in attorney fees, and issuing a formal apology to director Tonya Horn.

Multco — Alternative Shelter Evaluation Report

Portland State University evaluation for Multnomah County (April 2024) comparing alternative shelter models, with operating and capital cost-per-unit tables and exit rates: roughly $20,386 congregate, $30,927 village, and $43,401 motel per year per unit.

HUD FY2026 Continuum of Care NOFO ($4.04B)

Summary of HUD's FY2026 Continuum of Care Notice of Funding Opportunity, allocating $4.04 billion for homelessness programs, with the policy and eligibility framework for the year.

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine — Permanent Supportive Housing: Evaluating the Evidence (2018)

Landmark 2018 National Academies consensus study assessing the evidence that permanent supportive housing (PSH) improves health outcomes for people experiencing chronic homelessness. Notable for finding the health-outcome evidence limited even as PSH clearly improves housing stability, a nuance often cited on both sides of the Housing First debate.

Permanent Supportive Housing: Evaluating the Evidence for Improving Health Outcomes Among People Experiencing Chronic Homelessness

2018 consensus study evaluating whether permanent supportive housing improves health outcomes and reduces health care costs for chronically homeless people. The standard evidence review cited in Housing First debates.

NASP: The Challenges of Homelessness (Principal Leadership / family-educator handout)

NASP practitioner guidance on identifying and supporting students experiencing homelessness under the McKinney-Vento Act, including the federal definition of homeless children and the role of school psychologists and support staff. The broader nasponline.org site is primarily a school-psychology professional hub with limited direct housing/food datasets.

NASP - Helping Students Experiencing Homelessness

Professional-association guidance for educators and school psychologists on supporting students experiencing homelessness, framed around McKinney-Vento Act obligations to remove enrollment and attendance barriers. The companion NASP Center hosts the detailed Helping Homeless Students resource.

+ https://housingnothandcuffs.org/emergent-threats-homelessness-criminalization/ — NHLC cr

National Homelessness Law Center criminalization hub, home of its Housing Not Handcuffs research tracking laws that punish survival activities; documents the emergent trend of measures reaching service providers, plus litigation and policy tools.

The National Homelessness Law Center's 'Housing Not Handcuffs' reports document the direct

National Homelessness Law Center's 'Housing Not Handcuffs' report (PDF) documenting the rise and fiscal cost of laws criminalizing homelessness, including the city-by-city cost of 'quality of life' citations such as San Francisco's spending targeting homeless residents.

The National Homelessness Law Center maintains the 'Emergent Threats' / 'Tracking the Crim

National Homelessness Law Center's Housing Not Handcuffs Emergent Threats / Tracking the Criminalization of Homelessness page, the primary live tracker mapping camping-ban and funding-restriction bills, plus positive policies and defeated bills, much of it Cicero Institute-sourced.

"Permanent Supportive Housing: Evaluating the Evidence for Improving Health Outcomes Among

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine consensus report (2018) evaluating the evidence on whether permanent supportive housing improves health outcomes and affects health care costs for people experiencing chronic homelessness.

Homelessness, Health, and Human Needs

National Academies 1988 report Homelessness, Health, and Human Needs, an early structural account of modern homelessness in the United States. It examines the health conditions of homeless people and the systemic causes behind the era's surge in homelessness.

Permanent Supportive Housing: Evaluating the Evidence

National Academies 2018 consensus study reviewing whether permanent supportive housing improves health and lowers costs for chronically homeless people. It found PSH increases housing stability and reduces emergency-department use, though the cost and health evidence varied in rigor.

Narrow Good Samaritan protection suppresses 911 calls

Network for Public Health Law analysis arguing overdose Good Samaritan laws are too narrow to work, covering only minor drug charges and imposing conditions like staying at the scene or one-time-only immunity that still suppress 911 calls.

That same study found that in some cases criminalization produced a quick DIP in visible h

Next City report on the same nationwide study, noting criminalization sometimes produced a quick dip in visible homelessness right after a law passed, followed by a surge exceeding prior levels, so bans displaced people rather than reducing homelessness.

"The Rise of Homelessness in the 1980s"

PBS SoCal article on the causes of the 1980s homelessness surge, citing the loss of manufacturing jobs, a sharp drop in low-cost housing (down 42% in LA from 1974-1985), deep federal welfare cuts, and deinstitutionalization without adequate community support.

The $169 Billion Challenge: Preserving America's Public Housing

Public Enterprise report (Nov 2025) estimating the cost to preserve America's public housing, the first comprehensive capital-needs study since 2010, finding a $169.1 billion backlog across 899,047 units, about $188,090 per unit on average.

National Alliance to End Homelessness v. HUD

Case page for National Alliance to End Homelessness v. HUD, a Public Rights Project suit on behalf of seven local governments challenging HUD's Continuum of Care grant changes that require sobriety before housing and penalize diversity efforts. A court granted a preliminary injunction in December 2025 blocking the rollback of Housing First policies.

Body Cam Video Tulsa Police Arrest Food Not Bombs Volunteers For Feeding Homeless People

Reason report, with body-cam video, on Tulsa, Oklahoma police arresting four and citing six Food Not Bombs volunteers in May 2026 for feeding homeless people without a permit, despite the group's First Amendment claims and years of unobstructed service.

Higher-end comparables for staffed safe-sleeping/camping sites

Reason article on the high cost of staffed safe-sleeping/camping sites: roughly $44,000 per tent in Los Angeles, about $61,000 per tent per year in San Francisco, and around $34,000 per tent per year in Portland, costs driven largely by 24/7 staffing and catering.

Shelters/soup kitchens targeted via zoning/nuisance; RLUIPA

Reason feature on how zoning and nuisance rules block shelters and soup kitchens, with cases from Boise, Gloversville, Brookings and Palo Alto, and how RLUIPA and Cleburne offer protection but costly, uncertain litigation.

Sacramento County Homelessness Center

Sacramento Observer reports on Sacramento County's homelessness center, the Watt Avenue Safe Stay Center, covering its capacity, services and role in the county's shelter strategy.

Sacramentocityexpress — city auditor completes comprehensive evaluation of costs and

Sacramento City Express summarizes the city auditor's June 2026 evaluation of homeless shelter costs and outcomes: $63.2M spent across 17 programs in FY2024-25, placement rates above state averages, but no consistent method to compare costs and tradeoffs; 6 findings, 12 recommendations.

Sacramentocityexpress — new shelter and service campus for people experiencing homel

Sacramento City Express announces the Stockton Boulevard Safe Stay Community opening January 2025 in south Sacramento with 155 tiny homes for up to 175 people, built by the state with $17.6M and operated by First Step Communities.

Santa Cruz County Needle Exchange Grows As Lawsuit Shutters Volunteer Exchange

Santa Cruz Local report that as the county's needle exchange expanded, a Grant Park Neighborhood Association lawsuit led a Sacramento court to revoke the volunteer exchange's state authorization in November 2023, shuttering it before a restricted reinstatement.

Handwashing Stations: Ultimate Guide 2025

Satellite Industries guide to portable handwashing stations, citing the OSHA minimum of one station per 20 workers and advising placement near toilets, entrances, and food areas for events, with notes on unit durability.

Sdhc — 102 safe parking ppt final

San Diego Housing Commission presentation (PDF) on its safe parking program, covering site operations, services and budget allocations including a separate Central Elementary safe-parking allocation.

Newest Tiny Home Neighborhood In Northwest Springfield Will Look A Little Different

Springfield Daily Citizen reports on the newest tiny-home neighborhood in northwest Springfield, Missouri for people exiting homelessness, describing how its design differs from earlier local Eden Village-style tiny-home villages.

The first nationwide academic study of laws criminalizing homelessness

Shelterforce article on the first nationwide academic study of laws criminalizing homelessness (Lebovits & Sullivan, Policy Studies Journal, 2025), which found no statistically significant reduction in homelessness from camping bans and similar enforcement laws.

Good Security Pay And Bill Rates

Silvertrac analysis of contract security pay versus bill rates from over 2 million shifts: median commercial pay $15/hr bills about $23/hr (roughly 55% markup), while government pay $25/hr bills $46/hr.

Spherestandards — handbook.spherestandards.org

The Sphere Handbook online, the humanitarian sector's minimum standards for emergency response, including water, sanitation, and hygiene benchmarks such as roughly one toilet per 20 people and a 3:1 female-to-male toilet ratio.

Tiny Homes Shelter St Louisans In Need But 600K City Project Draws Criticism

St. Louis Public Radio reports on Jefferson Spaces, the city's $600,000 federally funded tiny-home village of 50 units at about $12,000 each; advocates criticized it after the city rejected an $880,000 lower-barrier safe-haven proposal that could have housed 75 people.

Heritage Foundation — The Housing First Approach Has Failed

Advocacy report arguing for repeal of federal Housing First funding mandates and restoring eligibility for treatment-first and abstinence-based providers. Contested advocacy source for the treatment-first position.

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The Center Square report on a Los Angeles homelessness audit detailing per-bed shelter costs and oversight gaps, documenting how the city pays for interim housing capacity that often sits unused.

KC's hotel initiative for the unhoused ends without next steps in place

The Pitch reports Kansas City's hotel initiative for nearly 400 unhoused people ending July 2021 without clear next steps; it connected roughly 350 to housing services and provided medical care to 220, with the Verge tiny-home village proposed as the follow-on.

Research And Sources

Third Door Coalition research-and-sources page compiling permanent supportive housing cost and savings evidence, including national net-savings ranges and city program costs in Seattle, New York, and Portland.

Security Guards Cost

Thumbtack cost guide for hiring security guards, citing unarmed rates of $15 to $35/hr and armed rates of $20 to $45/hr, with a national average near $45 to $60/hr and a $50/hr midpoint.

TrackBill — tennessee house bill 978 criminal offenses as enacted

TrackBill legislative record for Tennessee House Bill 978 as enacted, the measure that made camping on public property a felony criminal offense, the first such state law in the nation (effective July 1, 2022). Page currently access-restricted.

Treatment Advocacy Center - Reports & Research

Research library of a national nonprofit focused on serious mental illness (SMI), publishing policy and health-services research on psychiatric bed availability, criminalization of mental illness, and the connections among SMI, homelessness, and the justice system.

Unhcr — emergency sanitation standards

UNHCR Emergency Handbook entry on emergency sanitation standards within its water, sanitation, and hygiene guidance, setting minimum benchmarks for latrines and handwashing facilities in humanitarian emergency settings.

Veterans Community Project Kansas City - Tiny-home village for homeless veterans

Veterans Community Project's Kansas City location page describes its tiny-home village for homeless veterans: 49 transitional homes of 240-320 sq ft with no fees, plus wraparound case management, counseling, dental and other services for up to two years.

Vera Institute of Justice — vera institute of justice statement on tennessees felony cam

Vera Institute of Justice statement opposing Tennessee's felony public-camping law, effective July 1, 2022 and the first such statute in the nation, arguing a felony record blocks housing, jobs, and benefits; Vera cites that 21% of its Tennessee respondents were homeless or housing-insecure.

The Learning Curve San Diego Unified Finally Inks Agreement For Safe Parking

Voice of San Diego reports San Diego Unified's agreement with the Housing Commission to open a safe-parking site at the vacant Central Elementary campus for at least 40 families in vehicles, run by Jewish Family Service under a $593,000 contract through November 2026.

Clarke Street Residents Sue Relocate Howard Center Recovery Site

WCAX report that Clarke Street residents and property owners in Burlington, Vermont filed a civil suit against the Howard Center seeking to relocate its Safe Recovery (syringe) site, which they say attracts drug use despite added fencing and security.

Westerncarolinarescue — financial accountability

Western Carolina Rescue Ministries financial-accountability page posting its IRS Form 990 filings and audited financial statements for fiscal years 2020 through 2024, presented as a transparency record of how funds are raised and spent.

Safehouse New Appeal Overdose Prevention Centers Philadelphia

WHYY report that Safehouse appealed to the Third Circuit in June 2024 after a district judge dismissed its case, continuing a five-year fight over opening a Philadelphia overdose prevention center amid a 2023 city zoning ban.

2020 Minneapolis Park Encampments

Wikipedia article on the 2020 Minneapolis park encampments, officially sanctioned from June 2020 to January 2021 amid COVID and unrest after George Floyd's murder; Powderhorn Park grew to about 560 tents, and the city spent $713,856 on services, roughly $1M total.

A Bridge Home Venice Beach

Wikipedia entry on A Bridge Home Venice Beach, an LA interim shelter with 154 beds that cost $8.6 million to build and about $3.4 million a year to operate, running from 2020 to 2024 before transitioning residents to permanent housing.

Encampment cleanup-cost argument: a 2019 study found responding to homeless encampments co

Wikipedia article on homeless encampment sweeps, covering the history of forced removals in the U.S., the 2024 Grants Pass v. Johnson ruling, and documented harms; cited here for figures on the public cost cities incur responding to encampments (Houston, San Jose, Chicago, Tacoma).

In City of Grants Pass v. Johnson, 603 U.S. 520

Wikipedia article on City of Grants Pass v. Johnson, 603 U.S. 520 (2024), in which the Supreme Court ruled 6-3 (Gorsuch) that enforcing generally applicable camping ordinances on public property does not violate the Eighth Amendment's ban on cruel and unusual punishment.

Safe Parking Programs

Wikipedia overview of safe parking programs, designated lots where people living in vehicles can legally park overnight with restrooms, security and case management; notes San Diego runs near $10 per car per night and California leads with over two dozen lots.

LA City Controller homelessness audit post

Post from the Los Angeles City Controller flagging an audit of the city's homelessness spending and oversight gaps and linking to the office's findings.

Point-in-Time homelessness report coverage (2026)

Nonprofit-newsroom analysis of the federal HUD Point-in-Time count showing homelessness declines in California and nationally, useful as a sourced read of the annual PIT data.

Executive Order 14321 analysis (Ending Crime and Disorder on America's Streets)

Analysis of Executive Order 14321, summarizing its directives to end federal support for Housing First and to condition homelessness-assistance participation on treatment, with a federalism critique of where the order risks overreach.

The Great American Recovery Initiative: Trump Executive Order on Addiction (Foley analysis)

Foley & Lardner legal analysis of Executive Order 14379 (signed Jan 29, 2026), 'Addressing Addiction Through the Great American Recovery Initiative,' which establishes a White House initiative on substance use and opioid use disorder treatment policy. Relevant to the federal addiction/treatment-policy backdrop of the homelessness-institutionalization shift.

Journalist's Resource — Homelessness Solutions: A Research-Based Explainer

A research-based explainer for journalists synthesizing the peer-reviewed evidence on homelessness causes and solutions. Closest editorial-voice peer and a curated gateway to underlying studies.

MRSC — Grants Pass v. Johnson and Homelessness Enforcement

MRSC, a nonprofit that provides legal and policy guidance to Washington local governments, analyzes the 2024 Supreme Court ruling in Grants Pass v. Johnson, which held the Eighth Amendment does not bar cities from enforcing public camping/sleeping ordinances. Useful background for the wave of state and local homelessness criminalization that followed.

NACo — Litigation Delays New Funding; Congress Directs HUD to Renew CoC Projects

Analysis of Section 244 of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2026 (enacted Feb 3, 2026), which directs HUD to renew CoC projects expiring in Q1 2026 with cascading triggers (Q2 by April 1, all remaining by July 1), with awards expected by Dec 1, 2026.

170,000 at Risk: Why the Trump Administration Should Retain Housing First Policies

Law-review forum article by Ryan Totaro arguing the Trump administration should retain Housing First funding, tracing the widely cited 170,000-at-risk figure to internal HUD documents surfaced by POLITICO.

Reevaluating 'Housing First' in a Changing Policy Landscape

George Washington University Policy Perspectives piece tracing the origins of Housing First and analyzing HUD's proposed Continuum of Care changes that would sharply cut permanent supportive housing funding in favor of transitional housing with work/service requirements.

U.S. District Court (D.R.I.) preliminary injunction blocking HUD Housing First restrictions

Reporting on Judge Mary McElroy's Dec 19, 2025 preliminary injunction (D.R.I.) pausing HUD actions and blocking the FY2025 CoC/YHDP NOFO restrictions, the key litigation creating funding-environment volatility.

How Joe Lonsdale and the Right Made Homelessness a Crime

Rebecca Burns investigative feature on Joe Lonsdale, the Cicero Institute, and the think-tank-to-policy pipeline behind camping bans, Housing First defunding, and the Grants Pass litigation.

Backsliding Support and Backfiring Messaging: The Homelessness Conversation Needs a Reframe

Shelterforce analysis on how common homelessness messaging can backfire and erode public support, calling for a reframe toward structural causes. Shelterforce is a long-running independent publication on housing and community development.

How Project 2025 Would Dismantle HUD

Shelterforce analysis of the Project 2025 / Heritage Foundation 'Mandate for Leadership' HUD chapter, detailing proposals to devolve HUD functions to states and localities, impose time limits on assistance, and roll back fair-housing and climate rules.

Shelterforce — What HUD's New Homeless Policy Looks Like on the Ground

On-the-ground reporting on provider impacts of the HUD homelessness funding shift.

Journalist's Resource (Harvard Shorenstein Center)

Research-based explainer service for journalists; its homelessness piece is a research-based explainer that closely matches an evidence-led editorial voice on housing and homelessness.

Sightline Institute — Homelessness Is a Housing Problem

Summary of the Colburn & Aldern Homelessness Is a Housing Problem research, framing homelessness as a function of regional housing-market conditions. Cascadia-focused but a strong framing source.

Year-over-year homelessness declines (state breakdown)

Stateline analysis of HUD homelessness data noting an overall national decline while 28 states saw increases, with a state-by-state breakdown.

Stateline — Many More Cities Ban Sleeping Outside Despite Lack of Shelter Space

Reporting on the proliferation of municipal camping bans after Grants Pass, with state and city counts and penalties.

Cities Rush to Criminalize Homelessness After Supreme Court Ruling

The Appeal analysis of City of Grants Pass v. Johnson, which reversed the Ninth Circuit and let local governments criminalize sleeping outdoors even when no shelter is available.

Creating a Science of Homelessness During the Reagan Era (Jones, 2015)

Historical scholarship on how modern homelessness emerged and was documented in the 1980s, including federal-policy and media-coverage dynamics. Anchor source for the 'how modern homelessness was made' history.

Pew Charitable Trusts — How Housing Costs Drive Levels of Homelessness

Nonpartisan, sourced research article establishing that housing costs explain far more of homelessness variation than substance use, mental health, weather, the safety net, or poverty. Used as a primary citation anchor for the housing-cost thesis.

HDX 2.0 (Homelessness Data Exchange, version 2.0)

The web-based data-collection platform CoCs use to submit PIT counts, HIC inventory, System Performance Measures, and Longitudinal Systems Analysis (LSA) data to HUD. Primarily an authenticated reporting tool, but the system of record for the national homelessness data pipeline.

NAEH v. Scott Turner, et al. — case page (ACLU of Rhode Island)

Case page for the companion D.R.I. suit NAEH v. Turner, 1:25-cv-00447 (filed September 11, 2025), which tests whether HUD may attach political and ideological conditions to federal homelessness funding. Distinguishes the conditions case (447) from the rescission/NOFO case (636) — the two are easy to conflate.

Cicero Institute — Homelessness issue hub & 'Rejecting Housing First' report

Cicero Institute's homelessness policy hub, the origin of the anti-Housing-First model legislation (camping bans + shift money from housing to treatment) that propagated to ~15 states and informed EO 14321. Advocacy source documenting the policy position, not independent fact.

Civil Rights Litigation Clearinghouse — NAEH v. HUD (Case 47422)

Primary docket record for National Alliance to End Homelessness v. HUD (1:25-cv-00636, D.R.I., Judge Mary S. McElroy), the litigation over HUD's Nov 13, 2025 rescission of the two-year CoC NOFO, including the December 2025 preliminary injunction.

NAEH v. Turner, 1:25-cv-00447 (D.R.I.) — Civil Rights Litigation Clearinghouse

Scholarly case summary and document archive for the D.R.I. grant-conditions case NAEH v. Turner, 1:25-cv-00447. Companion entry to the Clearinghouse's page for 1:25-cv-00636 (already in the library); together they keep the two litigation tracks straight.

NAEH v. HUD docket, 1:25-cv-00636 (D.R.I.) — CourtListener

Live federal docket for National Alliance to End Homelessness v. HUD, the D.R.I. case (Judge Mary S. McElroy) that produced the December 23, 2025 preliminary injunction protecting FY2024-25 CoC renewals and now carries the FY2026 NOFO challenge. The primary place to verify litigation status before relying on any secondary account.

NAEH v. HUD (FY2026 CoC NOFO challenge), D.R.I. 1:26-cv-00436 docket

Live federal docket for the nonprofit and local-government challenge to HUD's FY2026 Continuum of Care NOFO, filed July 2, 2026 after Judge McElroy's June 29 order declined to fold FY2026 claims into the 2025 case and invited a separate action. Plaintiffs include the National Alliance to End Homelessness, NLIHC, Crossroads Rhode Island, Youth Pride, and the cities and counties of Boston, Cambridge, Tucson, Santa Clara, King County, and Nashville; defendants include HUD, Secretary Turner, OMB, and Director Vought. The docket carries the filed complaint, administrative record, and injunction briefing.

State of Washington v. HUD (FY2026 CoC NOFO challenge), D.R.I. 1:26-cv-00439 docket

Live federal docket for the multistate challenge to HUD's FY2026 Continuum of Care NOFO, filed July 7, 2026 by Washington and 22 other states plus the District of Columbia. The states argue the roughly $1.3 billion set-aside for new transitional housing and supportive-services-only projects operates as an unlawful cap on permanent-housing renewals, and that scoring credit for conditioning assistance on treatment participation conflicts with the McKinney-Vento Act and the APA.

Proposed First Supplemental Complaint, NAEH v. HUD, 1:25-cv-00636 (filed June 22, 2026)

The primary-source supplemental complaint (Doc 97-1, 1:25-cv-00636-MSM-AEM) challenging HUD's FY2026 Continuum of Care NOFO. Argues the ~$1.3B new-project set-aside conflicts with Congress's renewal directive and that the notice imposes unlawful executive-order conditions.

Dennis P. Culhane Homelessness Research Publications

Personal research repository of one of the foundational scholars on homelessness measurement, who documented the cost-effectiveness of supportive housing and helped build the HMIS/AHAR data infrastructure used to count homelessness nationally.

Health in Justice Action Lab

Interdisciplinary research lab applying a public-health lens to criminal-legal and drug-policy issues, generating peer-reviewed research, coded datasets, and interactive dashboards on substance use, forced treatment, and the criminalization of poverty and addiction. Relevant to the social-determinants and homelessness/treatment-policy strands of the library.

Human Services Research Institute (HSRI)

Nonprofit research institute (50+ years) producing person-centered research and data tools across housing & homelessness, behavioral health, intellectual/developmental disabilities, aging, and population health. Hub for the National Core Indicators and related social-services datasets.

The Pendulum Swings from Deinstitutionalization to Expanded Civil Commitment

JAAPL article (Huselid et al., March 2026) tracing the historical arc from deinstitutionalization to the current state-level expansion of civil-commitment authority in response to homelessness and untreated mental illness.

The Court held that Truly Agreed and Finally Passed

Justia copy of the Missouri Supreme Court opinion (SC100045, Byrd v. State of Missouri) holding that TAFP HB 1606 violated the single-subject requirement of Article III, Section 23, with the homelessness provisions not fairly related to the bill's title (page currently access-restricted).

MRSC Housing & Homelessness Topic Hub

MRSC's topic hub aggregating practical legal and policy guidance for local governments on homelessness response, shelter siting, encampments, and affordable housing, including its Homelessness and Housing Toolkit for Cities.

National Coalition for the Homeless

Long-running advocacy organization publishing fact sheets and reports on the causes of homelessness, criminalization, and policy responses.

National Coalition for the Homeless — Our History

National advocacy organization's history page documenting the founding of the modern homelessness-advocacy movement (organized 1982, incorporated 1984).

Keep Families Together Campaign

Advocacy campaign opposing a HUD proposal to bar mixed-immigration-status families from federal housing programs (public housing, Section 8), providing know-your-rights resources, comment templates, and impact data.

The Missouri Supreme Court case that struck down HB 1606

Public Citizen litigation page for Byrd v. Missouri, the taxpayer suit it filed in 2022 with Legal Services of Eastern Missouri challenging HB 1606; the Missouri Supreme Court reversed a trial court and invalidated the statute for violating the single-subject rule. Case now closed.

Public Rights Project — NAEH v. HUD Resources

Legal-advocacy organization co-litigating NAEH v. HUD; publishes fact sheets on the CoC NOFO funding cut and the ~170,000-people-at-risk figure.

Sightline Institute

Cascadia-focused sustainability and housing think tank; best summary of the Colburn & Aldern 'Homelessness Is a Housing Problem' research. Advocacy-oriented framing twin to the housing-cost thesis.

Council of State Governments (CSG) - Policy & Research

Nonpartisan organization serving all 50 state governments with evidence-based research and resources on housing, homelessness, workforce, fiscal and health policy. Publishes comparative analyses of state approaches to affordable housing and homelessness (e.g., Housing First retention and cost data).

Pew Charitable Trusts — Housing & Homelessness Research

Nonpartisan, sourced research desk whose homelessness work argues housing costs explain far more of homelessness than substance use, mental health, weather, the safety net, or poverty. Strong national explainer peer with no directory.

Treatment Advocacy Center (TAC)

National advocacy and research organization focused on severe mental illness (SMI) treatment access, publishing data and reports on psychiatric bed shortages, criminalization, and the SMI-homelessness intersection.

Greensboro City Council Approves Funds To Continue Pallet Shelter Program

WFDD report that Greensboro City Council unanimously approved more than $190,000 to continue the Doorway Project, a 30-unit pallet-shelter program the mayor says moved about 80% of last year's residents into long-term housing.

Varke / ARA — Finland National Homelessness Statistics

Official Finnish national homelessness statistics (the implementing source behind widely cited Housing First outcome figures), using the EU ETHOS Light classification. Documents both the long decline under Housing First/PAAVO and the 2024-2025 reversal.

Varke (Finland) — Homelessness statistics

Finnish national homelessness statistics tracking the long decline and the 2024 reversal.

Varke (ARA) — Homelessness Statistics, Finland

Official Finnish national homelessness statistics, the primary data behind Finland's Housing First / PAAVO outcomes and the documented 2024-2025 reversal (single homeless people rising to 4,579 in 2025, long-term homeless 1,306, rough sleeping 758).

Amnesty International — Finland NGO funding cuts report (EUR2092192025)

Report documenting Finnish STEA funding cuts to social/health NGOs (EUR 383M in 2024 reduced sharply), context for the 2024-25 homelessness reversal.

The Finnish Homelessness Strategy (Pleace, European Journal of Homelessness 11(2))

Policy analysis of Finland's national Housing First strategy (Paavo I/II), the leading international case of systems-level homelessness reduction via housing supply.

Finland — New programme to end long-term homelessness (Finnish Government)

Official Finnish Government announcement of a programme to end long-term homelessness by 2027 backed by over EUR 8 million, the leading international Housing First counter-model.

Finding a Better Frame: How to Create More Effective Messages on Homelessness in the United Kingdom

Communications-science research from the FrameWorks Institute and Crisis on how to talk about homelessness more effectively, finding that an individualist 'bad choices' lens suppresses support for systemic solutions and that structural framing performs better. Foundational evidence on homelessness messaging.

Homeless people 2024 (Report 2/2025)

Official Finnish national homelessness statistics report ('Homeless people 2024,' Report 2/2025, published 10 Feb 2025), the primary source behind the widely cited 2024 Finland Housing First figures. Counts based on a municipal survey to the review date of 15 November 2024 using the EU ETHOS Light definition.

Pleace et al. 2019 — Housing First in Europe: Implementation, Strategy and Fidelity

Authoritative European synthesis defining Housing First as an intensive support model for people with high and complex needs (distinct from rapid rehousing), documenting fidelity/'model drift' problems and that HF cannot be the sole response to homelessness.

At Home/Chez Soi National Final Report (Housing First trial)

The final report of the world's largest randomized trial of Housing First, following over 2,000 people experiencing homelessness and mental illness over two years across five Canadian cities, a foundational evidence base cited in US homelessness policy debates.

At Home/Chez Soi Housing First Project

The world's largest randomized controlled trial of Housing First for people experiencing homelessness with mental illness, conducted across five Canadian cities. A foundational evidence base cited in Housing First vs Treatment First policy debates, including current U.S. debate.

Centre for Public Impact — Eradicating Homelessness in Finland (Housing First)

Case study of Finland's Housing First / PAAVO programme, the commonly cited secondary source for the ~68% reduction in long-term homelessness framing (2008-2022), drawn from official ARA series.

How Finland lowered homelessness by 75%

Good Good Good explainer (Meghan Cook, April 2025) on Finland's Housing First model as a durable international comparator, with figures on its homelessness reduction since 2008.

Exploring the Effect of Case Management in Homelessness per Components: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis and Thematic Synthesis

Campbell systematic review, meta-analysis, and thematic synthesis (DOI 10.1002/cl2.1329) that unpacks case management for people experiencing homelessness by its component parts, assessing which elements drive effectiveness and how they are implemented. Commissioned by the UK Centre for Homelessness Impact.

Openresearch Amsterdam - Homelessness research collection

Curated collection on the City of Amsterdam's open research platform that gathers Dutch homelessness policy, measurement and evidence in English: the ETHOS European typology, Housing First Netherlands, Amsterdam's counts and shelter waiting lists, the 'A new start' 2021-2025 program, the 2023-2026 strengthened approach, and Utrecht longitudinal work on repeat homelessness. It is a usable comparator for anyone arguing about how homelessness is defined and counted, because the Dutch system counts economic homelessness and shelter waiting lists that the U.S. point-in-time count leaves out. Confirmed by WebSearch on the exact URL and page title, plus a direct fetch of the sibling ETHOS page on the same platform; the collection page itself returns HTTP 401 to WebFetch.

Housing First Europe Hub

European network (49 partners across 24 countries) promoting the Housing First model to end homelessness, providing guides, fidelity and evaluation tools, training, and systems-change research.

Institute of Global Homelessness (IGH)

DePaul University initiative serving as a global knowledge hub on homelessness, providing standardized definitions, a global data map, and a topical resource hub connecting practitioners, researchers, and policymakers worldwide.

Mental Health Commission of Canada (MHCC)

Canada's national mental health body, home to landmark Housing First research and ongoing work on homelessness, criminal-justice intersections, and the social determinants of mental health.

Housing First Policy: Finland

Policy profile of Finland's national Housing First program (launched 2008), commonly cited for the long-term homelessness reduction figure used as an international comparator for U.S. Housing First debates.

International Journal on Homelessness (IJOH)

Open-access, peer-reviewed academic journal (ISSN 2564-310X) publishing international research on homelessness prevention, interventions, specific populations, lived experience, and epidemiology; indexed in DOAJ, EBSCO, and Erudit.

Y-Foundation (Y-Saatio) — Housing First in Finland

Key Finnish Housing First implementer documenting Finland's homelessness trajectory and the recent reversal, attributing the 2024-2025 increase to rents, benefit cuts, and reduced housing-advice funding rather than Housing First failure.

Metro Denver Homeless Initiative (MDHI) — Data

Seven-county Continuum of Care lead publishing HMIS/Point-in-Time data, State of Homelessness reports, and dashboards for Metro Denver. Data axis only.

DHS Daily Report (NYC shelter census)

Daily counts of individuals and families in the NYC Department of Homeless Services shelter system, a widely cited near-real-time municipal homelessness indicator. Available via download and the SODA API for the dataset id k46n-sa2m.

Atlanta Civic Circle — georgia legislation doesnt help homeless people

Atlanta Civic Circle analysis arguing Georgia's Senate Bill 62, which restricts public camping and would return unhoused people to home counties, criminalizes poverty without addressing root causes and drops earlier sanctioned-camping and transitional-housing provisions.

Effective Jan 1, 2025, Fla. Stat. 125.0231 lets any resident, business owner, or the Attor

Central Florida Public Media report on Fla. Stat. 125.0231: effective Jan 1, 2025, any resident, business owner, or the Attorney General can sue a local government that allows public camping after documenting a violation and a five-day cure period, recovering costs and fees.

Following the Jan 1, 2025 private-right-of-action trigger, jurisdictions began 'pre-emptiv

Central Florida Public Media report on Florida's camping ban six months in: most Central Florida counties reported lower unsheltered counts, but advocates attribute it to a 'chilling effect' and pre-emptive local sleeping bans rather than reduced homelessness.

Regional early-2025 PIT counts varied: Central Florida

Central Florida Public Media report questioning whether Florida's homeless are being counted or pushed out of sight; regional 2025 PIT counts varied (FL-507 2,781, Brevard 1,062, Marion 391, Lake/Sumter 227), with officials citing fear and mobility under the camping ban.

Under Florida HB 1365, local governments may pursue misdemeanor charges; a person arrested

Central Florida Public Media explainer on Florida HB 1365, which bans public camping and sleeping; arrest can bring fines up to $500 and up to 60 days in jail. Designated sites are limited to one year under DCF oversight and the law is suspended during declared emergencies.

2024 Point-in-Time Count Results Show Decrease

Coalition for the Homeless results for the 2024 Point-in-Time count in Houston/Harris County, finding 3,280 people experiencing homelessness, a 17 percent overall and 33 percent unsheltered decrease since 2020. Advocates warn homelessness could surge about 60 percent by 2026 without roughly $50 million annually to replace expiring pandemic funding.

Houston's 2025 Point-in-Time count

Coalition for the Homeless of Houston/Harris County 2025 Point-in-Time results (Jan 27, 2025): 3,325 people homeless, up just 45 from 2024, as unsheltered homelessness rose 15.8% to 1,282 and sheltered fell 6% to 2,043, attributed to reduced shelter capacity.

The 2023 Point-in-Time Count

ECHO (Ending Community Homelessness Coalition) report on the 2023 Austin/Travis County Point-in-Time Count (Jan 28-29, 2023), which identified 2,374 people experiencing homelessness on a single night: 1,266 unsheltered and 1,108 sheltered.

Empower Missouri 2025 session recap; no camping-ban bill passed

Empower Missouri recap of the 2025 Missouri legislative session (published May 20, 2025), reviewing affordable-housing, criminal-justice, and food-security outcomes; no camping-ban or homelessness criminalization bill was enacted.

Florida Association of Counties — publiccamping

Florida Association of Counties resource hub on HB 1365, the state public-camping law, with bill text, DCF certification and compliance materials, example county ordinances, and an FAQ; the law lets counties designate camping sites and bars public sleeping elsewhere, enforceable by lawsuit.

The official primary source is the Florida Council on Homelessness Annual Report submitted

Florida Council on Homelessness Annual Report (June 2025), the official state report on homelessness submitted by the Florida Dept. of Children and Families, hosted as document 64946 at myflfamilies.com (PDF not currently retrievable).

Governor DeSantis indicated he wants to strengthen the camping ban, saying the U.S. Suprem

Florida Politics report that Gov. DeSantis wants to strengthen the state's camping ban, saying the Supreme Court's Grants Pass v. Johnson ruling 'cleared the way for us to be a little stronger' on enforcement against public sleeping and camping.

Two More Cases Were Dismissed Against Food Not Bombs For Feeding Citys Unhoused Community

Houston Public Media report that two more citations against Houston Food Not Bombs for feeding the unhoused were dismissed; the group had drawn roughly 90 tickets since the city began enforcing its food-sharing ordinance in March 2023.

Missouri count co-coordinator April Redman confirmed the 2024 statewide homeless count ros

KBIA report on Missouri's annual Point-in-Time homelessness count, in which count co-coordinator April Redman confirmed the 2024 statewide total rose 27% over 2023 and said homelessness keeps rising, especially in mid-Missouri, with shelters routinely turning people away.

Missouri HB 1606 criminalized unauthorized sleeping/camping on state-owned land and condit

KCUR (Kansas City NPR) report on the Missouri Supreme Court's unanimous December 19, 2023 ruling striking down HB 1606, which criminalized sleeping on state land and restricted homelessness funding, for violating the state constitution's single-subject requirement.

The Missouri camping ban was modeled on Cicero Institute template legislation promoted in

KCUR report on Missouri's camping-ban bill modeled on Cicero Institute template legislation: a Class C misdemeanor for camping on state land, AG authority to sue non-enforcing cities, and funding redirected from permanent housing, raising criminalization and Boise v. Martin concerns.

Tiny Homes Offer A Path Out Of Homelessness For Kansas City Veterans

KCUR report on Kansas City's Veterans Community Project tiny-home village, a 49-unit development offering homeless veterans furnished housing and free wraparound services for up to two years as a path out of homelessness.

An estimated total fine-and-fee exposure for a repeat unlawful-camping defendant can excee

Kentucky Center for Economic Policy analysis of the first year of HB 5's unlawful-camping ban: 425 citations filed across 30 counties (July 2024-July 2025), most first offenses, with fines up to $250 plus court costs (around $140) that can compound past $2,300 for repeat defendants.

The Kentucky Center for Economic Policy projected

Kentucky Center for Economic Policy projection (Feb. 2024) that HB 5 would cost the state more than $1 billion over the next decade in increased incarceration, including over $800 million from expanded violent-offender sentencing and $311-$545 million from a felony fleeing/evading enhancement.

For Springfield Homeless Eden Village Brings Tiny Homes And Community Living

KSMU reports on Eden Village, The Gathering Tree's plan for Springfield, Missouri: 30 single-person homes of about 400 sq ft costing $300,000 to build (roughly $1.8M total project), $300 monthly rent, modeled on Dallas's Cottages at Hickory Crossing for chronically disabled homeless people.

Reporting through December 2024 continued to describe Missouri's statewide public camping

Missouri Independent report (Dec. 2024) describing the state's public camping ban as struck down in 2023 and the policy question as unresolved, with experts warning camping bans and penalties could worsen homelessness (page currently access-restricted).

Missouri Lawyers Media confirmed

Missouri Lawyers Media report (Dec. 20, 2023) confirming the Missouri Supreme Court struck down the bill containing the homelessness law as a single-subject violation, invalidating HB 1606 in its entirety along with dozens of unrelated provisions.

Legal-firm analysis of the Byrd ruling striking the camping ban

Municipal law firm analysis (Cunningham, Vogel & Rost) of Byrd v. State of Missouri, explaining how the Missouri Supreme Court struck down HB 1606 in full, voiding Section 67.2300's penalty for unauthorized sleeping on state land for violating the single-subject rule.

ELCA Synod lead plaintiff

Nashville Banner report on the federal suit challenging Tennessee's immigrant-shelter law SB 392, with the Southeastern Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America as lead plaintiff alongside a landlord and resident.

HB 197/SB 217 encampment clearing

Nashville Banner report on Tennessee legislation (HB 197/SB 217) to clear homeless encampments from public land, escalating penalties for unauthorized camping; the measure targets public-land enforcement rather than charity liability.

Oklahoma SB 1854

Oklahoma Watch report on state lawmakers' punitive homelessness measures amid a 25% statewide rise (4,000+ homeless), including a 2024 anti-camping law on state property with a $50 fine and/or up to 15 days in jail after a warning, effective November 2024.

In one of the first civil actions under 125.0231, St. Petersburg restaurant owner Ronnica

Tampa Free Press report on one of the first civil actions under Fla. Stat. 125.0231: St. Petersburg restaurant owner Ronnica Whaley sued the city in 2025 over encampments near Williams Park and her businesses, seeking a court order to enforce the camping ban plus fees.

Passage/scope

Tennessee Lookout report that a bill letting charities be held liable for providing housing to certain immigrants without legal status passed both chambers and headed to the governor's desk in April 2025.

57% reduction in homelessness since 2011

The Way Home (Houston) milestone page reporting a 57 percent reduction in homelessness from 2011 to 2016, from 8,538 to 3,626 people. It credits coordinated collaboration among more than 60 partners using rapid rehousing and coordinated access.

Advocacy/secondary. TCRP suit challenging Houston ordinance

Texas Civil Rights Project release on its January 2024 First Amendment lawsuit to stop enforcement of Houston's anti-food-sharing ordinance, which bars feeding five or more people without permission; Food Not Bombs had drawn over 92 citations and $184,000 in potential fines.

WKRN public-records investigation found the felony camping law was barely enforced in its

WKRN News 2 (Nashville) public-records investigation finding Tennessee's felony camping law was barely enforced in its first two years: just four arrests from July 2022 to June 2024, with no felony prosecutions, even as the bill's sponsor defended it.

Civil liability scope; overnight-shelter carve-out

Nashville Public Radio (WPLN) report that a 2025 Tennessee bill would expose nonprofits helping undocumented immigrants secure leases to civil lawsuits if those they house later commit crimes, while exempting temporary overnight shelters.

Nashville's own point-in-time counts show homelessness rose, not fell, after the felony la

WPLN (Nashville Public Radio) report on Nashville's latest Point-in-Time count: literal homelessness reached 2,180 in January 2025, up 4% year over year, continuing a steady rise from 1,811 (2022) through 1,946 (2023) and 2,094 (2024), still below the 18% national increase.

All Chicago — Homelessness Facts (Myth vs. Fact)

Myth-vs-fact page pairing common misconceptions with sourced local data (Point-in-Time counts, housing wage) from the Chicago Continuum of Care lead body. Explainer axis; a clean myth-vs-fact layout template.

CalMatters — California's Homelessness Crisis Explained

Standing, updated, sourced homelessness explainer from a nonpartisan nonprofit newsroom; a best-in-class out-of-market format template for a maintained crisis explainer.

Destination: Home — Understanding Homelessness (Myth vs Fact / By the Numbers)

Santa Clara County anti-homelessness charity pairing a Myth vs Fact page with a By the Numbers data explainer. Closest single-org explainer-plus-data match; structural-causes framing.

Texas Tribune — How Texas Explains Homelessness

Nonpartisan nonprofit newsroom homelessness explainer; with the Texas affordable-housing series, a validated explainer-desk format template (alongside CalMatters). No directory.

CalMatters

Nonpartisan nonprofit California newsroom with standing, sourced homelessness/housing-cost explainers and a 'crisis explained' format. Best out-of-market explainer-desk template; statewide (California) scope.

NYC Open Data Portal

New York City's free public data catalog, with thousands of datasets published by city agencies and accessible through the Socrata (SODA) API. The catalog is browsable by agency (e.g., Department of Homeless Services, Human Resources Administration) and by category (Social Services, Housing & Development).

NYC Open Data – Social Services category

Category landing page collecting NYC datasets related to homeless services, public assistance, SNAP/cash assistance enrollment, and social-service facilities, useful as a model for how a city publishes social-determinant data.

AG Bonta leads multistate suit challenging HUD homelessness-funding changes

California DOJ press release announcing a multistate coalition - attorneys general of about 21 states and DC plus the governors of Kentucky and Pennsylvania - suing HUD to block the FY2026 Continuum of Care notice's ~$1.3 billion transitional-housing set-aside, a de facto cap on permanent supportive housing.

California AG — 21-state suit challenging HUD's FY2026 CoC notice (July 7, 2026)

Primary statement of the July 2026 multistate challenge to HUD's FY2026 Continuum of Care notice: who sued, what the coalition says the $1.3 billion transitional set-aside and anti-Housing-First scoring do, and where the case was filed.

21-state coalition opposes HUD rollback of LGBTQ+ shelter-access protections

Press release announcing a 21-state attorney-general coalition comment opposing HUD's proposed repeal of the 2012 and 2016 Equal Access Rule protections, which would let HUD-funded shelters place people by biological sex instead of gender identity.

San Diego Announces More Than 100 Open Safe Sleeping Spots At H Barracks

KPBS reports San Diego opened more than 100 safe-sleeping/parking spaces for people living in vehicles at the former H Barracks site near the airport, capacity up to 190; in FY2025 the safe-parking program served over 1,070 people and connected 260 to permanent housing.

Mn — 17742

Minnesota House article on bill HF1686, sponsored by Rep. Athena Hollins, which would appropriate $37.5M annually (about $75M total) to Ramsey County's Heading Home continuum of care, funding a 100-bed family shelter and credited with raising housing placement from about 3% to 66%.

Education of Children and Youth Experiencing Homelessness: data summary SY 2021-22 to 2023-24

NCHE primary-source data summary of public-school-identified homeless students under the McKinney-Vento EHCY program, the count used to gauge the HUD point-in-time undercount.

Portland — audit report joint office homeless services sustained focus

Portland City Auditor's April 2024 audit of the Joint Office of Homeless Services, finding shelters consistently full with long waitlists, no centralized adult entry, and only 25% of 2022-23 shelter exits leading to permanent housing.

Stlouis Mo — jefferson spaces expansion.cfm

St. Louis press release that the city used $1.2M in American Rescue Plan funds to double its Jefferson Spaces tiny-homes transitional housing from 50 to 100 units, operated by the Magdala Foundation, which has moved 160 residents into permanent supportive housing since 2021.

HUD press release 26-037 — 2025 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report

HUD's release of the January 2025 point-in-time count, framed by the current administration as evidence Housing First failed. Carries both the counts and the beds/spending growth pairing the policy fight now runs on.

HUD and VA Announce Funding to Support Over 2,500 Homeless Veterans

HUD press release (HUD No. 26-052) announcing a joint HUD and VA award of new HUD-VASH vouchers to house homeless veterans, a Housing First voucher program continuing to be funded amid the broader federal turn toward treatment-conditioned assistance.

HUD Makes $193 Million Available to Address Youth Homelessness

HUD press release opening a $193 million funding opportunity to prevent and end youth homelessness through housing-focused solutions, combining youth homelessness response systems and transitional housing with supportive services.

Criminalizing homelessness is expensive: enforcing anti-homeless laws can cost up to three

U.S. Interagency Council on Homelessness commentary (Oct. 2022) arguing criminalizing homelessness is costly and ineffective. Cites that 72% of cities have camping bans, enforcement can cost up to three times more than housing, and one city saved $2.4 million while housing 1,000 people in a year via Housing First.

Houston's 'The Way Home' is a Housing First system coordinating 100+ partner organizations

U.S. Interagency Council on Homelessness profile of Houston's "The Way Home," a coordinated-access Continuum of Care begun in 2014 across Harris, Fort Bend, and Montgomery counties (2,600+ sq mi), led by the Coalition for the Homeless, prioritizing permanent supportive housing via a single community waitlist.

Statewide enforcement mechanism / costs to localities: HB 1925 bars cities from adopting p

Office of the Texas Governor press release (Sept. 9, 2021) in which Gov. Abbott and AG Paxton press cities to enforce the HB 1925 public-camping ban, warning of litigation and loss of state grant funds, and citing over $358 million federal plus $52.9 million state homelessness funding available.

Empirical chilling effect of an SSP ban

ColoradoSPH at CU Anschutz research summary finding that an overturned ban on Pueblo, Colorado's syringe service program may have chilled access to clean syringes and harm-reduction services, with measurable effects on participants.

Trump's Homelessness Order Sparks Fears of a Return to the Asylum Era

Penn LDI expert analysis of Executive Order 14321, arguing it greatly expands involuntary psychiatric commitment of unhoused people and removes judicial constraints that have limited institutional confinement since deinstitutionalization.

At Home/Chez Soi multi-city randomized Housing First trial

BMC Public Health protocol/paper for the At Home/Chez Soi multi-city randomized controlled trial of Housing First in Canada. The study tests scattered-site supportive housing across five cities, finding housing stability improves more reliably than substance use after people are housed.

University of Chicago News - One in ten young adults experience homelessness during one year, Chapin Hall finds

The University of Chicago's November 2017 write-up of Chapin Hall's Voices of Youth Count national survey, the study behind the youth-homelessness prevalence figures that are still widely cited. It reports 1 in 10 young adults aged 18 to 25 (about 3.5 million) and at least 1 in 30 adolescents aged 13 to 17 (at least 700,000) experiencing some form of homelessness in a year, drawn from a survey of more than 26,000 respondents. The finding that matters most for a rural region: rural rates were essentially the same as urban, 9.2 percent against 9.6 percent for young adults.

New Study Delivers Comprehensive Snapshot of US Homeless Populations' Economic Well-Being

UChicago Harris press summary of the Meyer et al. linked-data homelessness study, characterizing the employment and earnings findings in rounded, plain-language terms. Source of the widely-cited '$2,000/$12,000' distributional paraphrase (a summary, not paper text).

Coalition Challenges Latest Efforts to Politicize Homelessness Funding Grants (NAEH release, June 22, 2026)

NAEH press release announcing the June 22, 2026 supplemental filing in NAEH et al v. Turner et al (D.R.I.) asking the court to stop implementation of HUD's FY2026 Continuum of Care NOFO. Canonical version of the coalition announcement (NLIHC republished the same release).

Court Finds Trump-Vance Administration Violated Law In Rush to Politicize Housing Grants

NAEH release on the March 31, 2026 ruling in which the U.S. District Court for Rhode Island found HUD and Secretary Scott Turner violated the law through a 'slapdash imposition of political whims,' vacating the CoC notice of funding opportunity and its new political criteria.

Court Vacates Unlawful Funding Criteria for Solutions to Homelessness (NAEH news release)

NAEH's June 2026 release on the D.R.I. summary-judgment ruling (National Alliance to End Homelessness v. HUD, 1:25-cv-00636) that set aside HUD's November and December 2025 CoC NOFOs as APA violations. Frames the fight over conditioning homelessness funding on non-Housing-First priorities.

NAEH CEO Corner: Week of June 22, 2026

NAEH CEO commentary on the June 22, 2026 supplemental complaint against the FY2026 CoC NOFO and the Alliance's forward hedge in FY2027 appropriations. Documents the December 1, 2026 award-by trigger NAEH is asking Congress to write into law.

Court Temporarily Blocks Administration's Attempt to Implement Unlawful Housing Policy

NLIHC release on the December 19, 2025 preliminary injunction in National Alliance to End Homelessness et al. v. HUD, which temporarily blocked the administration's restrictions on Continuum of Care homelessness funding. Lists the plaintiff coalition of nonprofits and local governments.

Gov. Stein vetoes HB 437 'unauthorized camping' homeless ban

NC Newsline report that Gov. Josh Stein on July 8, 2026 vetoed House Bill 437, which would have barred 'unauthorized' public camping and allowed people to be removed from streets and public spaces; Stein called it an unfunded mandate on local governments and Republican legislative leaders pledged an override.

Audit examines $150 million in Denver homeless shelter spending

9News coverage of a 2026 audit examining roughly $150 million in Denver homeless shelter spending, raising questions about how the city tracks costs and outcomes across its shelter and outdoor-site programs.

Sacramento County opens $40 million homeless shelter on Watt Avenue

ABC10 reports Sacramento County's roughly $40M homeless shelter on Watt Avenue, a large capital investment to add shelter capacity in the region.

Court Blocks New Restrictions That Threaten Proven Solutions to Homelessness

ACLU of Rhode Island release on the December 19, 2025 preliminary injunction blocking the administration's HUD funding restrictions, which would have shifted Continuum of Care resources away from permanent supportive housing.

CoC Funding Shift Threatens Housing for 170,000 Households

Affordable Housing Finance trade report (Nov. 24, 2025) on the HUD CoC funding shift away from permanent supportive housing, framing the at-risk count as 170,000 households (an outlier 'households' framing versus the dominant 'people' framing) and detailing impacts on LIHTC-layered deals.

Advocacy/primary-adjacent. Gather Church v. Lewis County WA: 2024 county ordinance restric

ACLU press release on Lewis County, Washington repealing its ordinance after a federal injunction found it likely violated the ADA and Rehabilitation Act; the settlement reinstates Gather Church's mobile syringe program and pays $500,000 in fees.

Safe Rest Villages Homelessness Report

Axios Portland coverage of a report on the city's Safe Rest Villages, summarizing how many people the pod sites served and housed and the questions raised about the program's cost and the pace of moving residents into housing.

"Deinstitutionalization Did Not Cause Homelessness: Loss of Low-income Housing and Disabil

Behavioral Health News commentary (2025) arguing that deinstitutionalization did not cause the 1980s rise in homelessness; rather, the loss of low-income housing and cuts to disability benefits did, offering a counter-narrative to the mental-illness framing.

Pourmotabbed et al., "Food insecurity and mental health: a systematic review and meta-anal

Cambridge Public Health Nutrition meta-analysis of 19 studies (372,143 adults) on food insecurity and mental health. It found food insecurity raised the odds of depression by about 40 percent and stress by about 34 percent, with higher depression risk among older adults, but no significant association with anxiety overall.

California has the highest concentration of camping bans, with more than 40 ordinances pas

Cascade PBS report that at least six Washington cities (Aberdeen, Auburn, Kennewick, Richland, Lakewood, Spokane) passed or strengthened anti-camping laws after Grants Pass, several removing shelter-offer requirements and adding fines up to $1,000 and jail.

Houston used roughly $100 million in COVID relief funds to subsidize rentals

CBS News report on Houston's homelessness reduction, noting the city used roughly $100 million in COVID relief to subsidize rentals atop other relief funds, helping house more than 30,000 people since 2012 and cut regional homelessness 63% under a Housing First model.

Questions Surround Tiny Home Shelter That Minneapolis Is Investing Millions In

CBS Minnesota examines Avivo's 100-unit tiny-home shelter in Minneapolis, into which the city put $3.6M initially plus $1.2M for 2023 operations; over 300 people have been housed and 100-plus moved to permanent housing, with 70-plus overdoses reversed and no fatalities.

Are San Diego's safe sleeping sites working?

CBS 8 examines whether San Diego's safe-sleeping sites are working, focusing on the 20th & B operations-yard campground, its roughly $2.82M cost, and outcomes for residents transitioning off sidewalk encampments.

City Journal (Manhattan Institute) — georgia takes a stand on homeless policy

City Journal (Manhattan Institute) commentary by Joe Lonsdale praising Georgia's SB 62 for rejecting Housing First, banning public camping, and requiring performance audits of funded providers, framing it as part of a national push against a Homeless Industrial Complex.

Fremont aid/abet national coverage

CNN coverage of Fremont, California's encampment ban, among the state's harshest after the 2024 Grants Pass ruling, which barred storing property on public land and initially included an aiding-and-abetting provision aimed at those assisting campers.

Update on Federal Litigation Affecting the CoC Program (CT HMIS)

CT HMIS explainer on the state of federal CoC-program litigation as of mid-2026: the June 29 summary-judgment ruling setting aside the FY2025 NOFOs, the denial of a permanent injunction, and the guidance that any FY2026 challenge must proceed as a separate action while the FY2026 competition stays open.

Update on New Lawsuit Challenging FY2026 CoC NOFO (CT HMIS)

CT HMIS tracker post on the separate early-July-2026 lawsuit challenging HUD's FY2026 CoC NOFO, filed in D.R.I. by a coalition of 23 states and D.C. after the June 29 order invited a separate action. Summarizes the challenged provisions and the relief sought.

Coalition Seeks Court Intervention to Stop the FY2026 NOFO

CoC-operations view (June 23, 2026) of the coalition filing against the FY2026 CoC NOFO: what the challenge means for continuums that must keep applying while the motion is pending. Useful as evidence that no stay existed and CoCs were proceeding on the FY2026 timeline.

Democracy Forward — Court vacates HUD's unlawful CoC funding criteria (NAEH v. HUD)

Litigation counsel's release on the June 2026 federal-court decision vacating HUD's 2025 Continuum of Care funding restrictions on Administrative Procedure Act grounds, in the coalition case led by the National Alliance to End Homelessness.

Business-district / economic-harm argument: business advocates say homeless encampments hu

Denver7 (KMGH) report on downtown Denver businesses (Mercury Cafe, Triangle Bar, others) saying revenue is falling as homeless encampments grow nearby; one bar's survey found 74% of patrons visit less often, and owners cite safety incidents and blocked entrances.

Denver approves $7.5M to keep Safe Outdoor Spaces through 2024

Denver7 report on the City Council approving $7.525 million (mostly federal ARPA funds) to keep Safe Outdoor Spaces running through 2024, a tent-based shelter alternative run by Colorado Village Collaborative that had served 490 people.

DPA: zones fail, worsen disparity

Drug Policy Alliance announcement of a national report finding that drug-free zone laws fail to protect youth, do little to curb drug sales, and worsen racial disparities by disproportionately covering communities of color.

Kansas City Housing Committee Calls For Details On 4 7M In Homeless Hotel Spending

Fox4 KC reports a Kansas City housing committee calling for details on $4.7M spent on homeless hotel programs, pressing for accountability on how the funds were used and what outcomes resulted.

Houston S Food Not Bombs Wins Court Injunction Against City S Homeless Feeding Fines

Hoodline report that a federal judge granted Houston Food Not Bombs a 2024 preliminary injunction halting citations under the city's food-sharing ordinances, on First Amendment grounds, pausing fines until the case is decided.

Portland State University Study Suggests Cheapest Shelter Models Are Not The Most Efficient

KATU covers a Portland State University study finding cheaper shelter models are not the most efficient: congregate shelters cost $20,386 per bed but moved only 11.4% to permanent housing, while tiny-home villages cost $55,000 and moved 36.1%; motels cost $43,401.

Homeless Initiative On Pace To Transition 100 People Into Housing This Year

KDVR report that a Denver homeless initiative was on pace to move about 100 people into housing in a year, the placement figure behind a roughly $43,000 per-person cost estimate for the program.

Safe Outdoor Spaces Denvers Alternative To Homeless Camps

KDVR (Denver) report on Safe Outdoor Spaces as the city's sanctioned alternative to homeless camps, citing operating costs around $100,000 per month for about 100 people (roughly $10,000 to $12,000 per person per year); origin of a frequently misquoted "$43,333" per-placement figure.

Court Order Pauses HUD Notice of Funding Opportunity

KCRHA update tracking HUD's withdrawal of the FY2025 CoC NOFO and the litigation in NAEH v. HUD (in which King County is a co-plaintiff), including the March 2026 ruling keeping the preliminary injunction in force during HUD's appeal.

Safe Rest Villages Housed 345 Residents Within First Fiscal Year

KOIN report that Portland's Safe Rest Villages served 345 residents in their first fiscal year, presenting placement and bed figures alongside Joint Office of Homeless Services comparisons of cost and pace of moving people through the pods.

Homeless Shelter Capacity Shrinks San Diego Expand Balboa Park Campgrounds

KPBS reports the San Diego City Council's October 2024 vote to expand two Balboa Park safe-sleeping campgrounds from 541 to 776 tents as 614 indoor beds close; the O Lot contract rose from $4.2M to $22.4M, and of 1,376 served only 88 exited to permanent housing.

Challenge to provider-liability clause

KQED report that the California Homeless Union and faith-based allies sued Fremont in federal court over its camping ban, challenging the clause that could criminalize providing tents, blankets, or food; the council removed it the day the suit was filed.

Audit finds 1 in 4 LA shelter beds went unused, costing taxpayers $218 million

KTLA report on a Los Angeles Controller audit finding 1 in 4 shelter beds went unused, costing taxpayers about $218 million, with per-bed costs cited around $29,000 to $57,000 and vacancy-adjusted figures of roughly $44,615 to $66,300.

Fraud Safe Sleep Encampment Campground Urban Alchemy Lahsa Capacity Carter Homelessness

LAist investigation finding LAHSA paid Urban Alchemy $2.3 million a year for 88 spots at the Lincoln Safe Sleep site that ran near half capacity, pushing cost to about $5,300 per person monthly; a federal judge called the gap obvious fraud.

LAist: LAHSA sues HUD over suspended Continuum of Care funding

Independent public-radio corroboration of the LAHSA v. HUD suit: confirms the $241M suspension, the June 11 effective date, the population served, and HUD's stated mismanagement-and-fraud rationale. Second-source verification for the MyNewsLA account.

HUD Withdraws Controversial Homelessness Funding Opportunity

LeadingAge account of HUD withdrawing its Continuum of Care NOFO on December 8, 2025 amid litigation over a policy that would have shifted funding from permanent supportive housing to transitional housing.

Homeless Advocacy Group Sues Berkeley To Prevent City From Sweeping Encampments

Local News Matters report that the Berkeley Homeless Union sued in federal court to block an encampment sweep, citing state-created danger during winter storms and ADA accommodations for 31 of 47 disabled residents; the suit targets the city, not providers.

Federal judge rules on HUD homelessness funding case; FY2026 supplemental complaint denied (Lynnwood Times, July 1, 2026)

Coverage of Judge McElroy's June 29-30, 2026 memorandum and order in the consolidated D.R.I. HUD CoC cases: the November and December 2025 NOFOs vacated, a permanent injunction denied, and plaintiffs' motion to add FY2026 NOFO claims denied, with the court noting plaintiffs remain free to file a separate action.

Attorney General Ellison: Court blocks HUD changes that would have left thousands without housing

Minnesota AG release on the December 19, 2025 ruling in the parallel state-led challenge, in which 20 state attorneys general and 2 governors won a preliminary injunction directing HUD to process CoC applications under pre-change terms.

Avivo Village Shines As Solution For Unsheltered Homelessness In Minneapolis

MPR profiles Avivo Village, an indoor tiny-home community in Minneapolis offering 100 private lockable units with 24/7 staff and wraparound services as a low-barrier, housing-first solution for unsheltered homelessness.

Divided Minneapolis Park Board Supports Encampment At Powderhorn Park

MPR News covers the divided Minneapolis Park Board's June 19, 2020 vote to provide refuge space for homeless people at Powderhorn Park, where about 180 tents had formed in the upheaval following George Floyd's murder.

LAHSA sues Trump administration over decision to suspend HUD funding

Report that the Los Angeles Homeless Services Authority sued HUD over its June 2026 suspension of Continuum of Care funding, alleging the suspension was unlawful under the Administrative Procedure Act. A live test of whether HUD can suspend a major CoC's funding mid-grant, relevant to CoC funding risk everywhere.

HUD issues FY 2026 Continuum of Care grant notice

NACo's summary of the FY2026 CoC NOFO for county grantees, laying out the competition timeline, the restructured tier system, and what changed from the prior framework. Useful as the plain-language map of the FY2026 competition's structure alongside the NOFO itself.

FY 2026 CoC NOFO Challenged in Lawsuit (NH&RA, July 1, 2026)

Affordable-housing trade coverage of the June 2026 supplemental complaint against HUD's FY2026 Continuum of Care NOFO, framing the industry view that the FY2026 notice repeats the features a court already found likely unlawful in the FY2025 version.

Short shutdown ends; FY 2026 funding for youth homelessness programs passed

National Network for Youth's account of the final FY2026 appropriations outcome for every federal program that funds homeless children and youth, with the enacted line-item amounts and the report language on award timing. It is the fastest single place to check current-year federal funding levels for youth homelessness across both the Education and HUD accounts.

"House passes sweeping bill to lower housing costs, sending it to Trump's desk"

NBC News report that the House passed a sweeping bipartisan bill to lower housing costs and sent it to the President's desk. The article notes the lopsided vote and the bill's measures aimed at boosting housing supply and affordability.

San Diego City Council approves expansion of Balboa Park safe sleeping sites

NBC San Diego reports the City Council's unanimous approval to expand the Balboa Park safe-sleeping sites (O Lot and 20th & B, run by Dreams for Change) by 235 spaces, raising annual funding from $5.8M to $7M and over $31M if extended three to four years.

Nhc — middle class americans priced out new national housing confe

National Housing Conference press release on its report finding homeownership and affordable rent out of reach in most U.S. metros, with 45 percent of metros now requiring six-figure incomes to buy a typical home. Affordability for occupations buying with 10 percent down fell from 37 percent in 2019 to 14 percent by 2024.

Merging Kc City Debut Small Shelter Community For The Unhoused

Northeast News reports the April 2021 debut of The Verge, Kansas City's first small shelter community for unhoused people led by Merging KC's Houston DeFoe, with 60 small (64 sq ft) plus five larger (100 sq ft) Pallet units, shared facilities and 24-hour staffing.

'Intentional Chaos': Judge Chastises HUD in Dispute Over Homelessness Programs

NOTUS reporting on the December 2025 federal court hearing over HUD's homelessness funding changes, in which Judge Mary S. McElroy criticized the agency for rescinding its NOFO an hour before the hearing.

Appeals court rejects HUD homelessness overhaul, saying it would be 'disastrous' (NPR, April 1, 2026)

National coverage of the First Circuit's April 1, 2026 refusal to stay the injunction against HUD's CoC overhaul, quoting the panel's finding that the changes would be 'immediately destabilizing and disastrous' for communities dependent on the funding.

Cicero's model 'Reducing Street Homelessness Act'